![\"Separador\"](\"https:\/\/cdn.xl.pt\/conteudos\/themes\/altri-news\/img\/chaveta-vertical-verde.svg\")
<\/div>Brushwood would formerly have been cleared to provide fuel or animal feed. In all of Europe, Portugal is the country which has undergone the fastest transition between deforestation and reforestation: what was an area of forest of between 4 and 7% in 1870, grew to almost 30% of mainland Portugal in one century.<\/h3><\/div><\/blockquote>\n
This transition coincided with the exodus from the countryside and the decline of agriculture, and the brushwood was left abandoned rather than cultivated and managed.<\/p>\n
The disappearance of this economy enabled the expansion of the forest which gives landowners a means of income. Portugal lost these areas of undergrowth which acted as natural firebreaks, leaving vast areas of pine and eucalyptus forests vulnerable to fire owing to accumulated combustible material. A large part of the country is becoming desertified and State investment is dwindling in those areas, affecting resources and structures which used to help in terms of management, surveillance and policing.<\/p>\n
The forest belongs to the private sector<\/h2>\n
Of all EU countries, Portugal has the greatest amount of forest in the hands of private individuals who, to a great extent, have to deal with its low profitability. This problem is particularly prevalent in the forests of the north and centre of the country, as well as in some mountain areas in the south, and its results are obvious: unmanaged forested land, in addition to neglected agricultural areas.<\/p>\n
These are just some of the problems of human activity \u2013 or inactivity \u2013 which help to explain some of the fires. But they are not the only ones. There are other factors, such as the absence of an up-to-date forestry register covering all national soil, the lack of appropriate forest and land management policies, and inadequate legislation which does not enable enforcement or penalties for landowners in violation.<\/p>\n
Furthermore, current fire policy which is also followed by other Mediterranean countries focuses essentially on reducing the number of ignitions via fire suppression. These measures are reactive rather than preventative. When a country no longer has sufficient human and material resources to control and extinguish all the fires which occur in one day, a small flare-up can quickly become a Major Forest Fire {Grande Inc\u00eandio Florestal (GIF)}, raging out of control and sweeping across great swathes of forest. This policy needs to be improved with complementary fire prevention and forest management measures.<\/p>\n
Henk Feith, the production director at Altri Florestal, explains that after the relative calm of the second half of the last decade, the first ten years of the 21st century have revealed it is \u00a0impossible to reach any of the targets set out in the National Plan to Protect Forests From Fires {Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Inc\u00eandios (PNDFCI)}. According to Feith, \u201cthe failure to create a network of firebreaks, the ongoing abandonment of the countryside (and resultant accumulation of combustible material) and inefficient fire-fighting procedures, all mean that the size of the fires is at the mercy of the weather conditions\u201d.<\/p>\n
The years 2016 and 2017 were marked by multiple fires which burnt down tens of thousands of hectares, which was clearly beyond the fire-fighting capacity of the National Civil Protection Authority {Autoridade Nacional de Protec\u00e7\u00e3o Civil (ANPC)}. The ANPC\u2019s abundant resources, consisting mainly of volunteer fire-fighters with no specific forest fire training, are unprepared to deal with Major Forest Fires (GIF).<\/p>\n
The Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande tragedy added further obstacles to the operations carried out by the ANPC and its brigades, which were forced to switch their priority to avoiding further fatalities. If forest fire-fighting was already way down the pecking order on the ANPC\u2019s list of priorities, after Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o it was all but ignored.<\/p>\n
The result of this was fires which lasted over a week and which swept many miles across the country. People are increasingly calling for forest fire combat to be attributed to a single body comprising professional fire-fighters tasked exclusively with forest fires.<\/p>\n It\u2019s no secret. Fighting fires is more difficult, inefficient and costly than preventing them in the first place. The data set out in this article show that there is a somewhat regular pattern which means that every year 120 thousand hectares in Portugal go up in smoke. Every year there is major environmental damage such as the destruction of habitats, economic damage arising from the costs of fighting these fires, and even loss of human life.<\/p>\n In its annual report on forest fires and the areas burnt in Mainland Portugal for 2015 \u2013 this is the most recent final document \u2013 the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests has a different take on the environmental and material damage. The methodology used to ascertain the value of the losses resulting from the fires is based on cross-referencing mapping of the areas burnt in Mainland Portugal, provided by the EFFIS \u2013 European Forest Fire Information System, with the statistical information obtained by the 2010 National Forestry Inventory and by applying the criteria considered in the breakdown of value of forests as set out by the National Forest Strategy, in terms of the component pertaining to the relative risk of forest fires.<\/p>\n The resulting figure is extrapolated to the value of the area burnt provided by the Forest Fire Information Management System {Sistema de Gest\u00e3o da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Inc\u00eandios Florestais (SGIF)}. The estimated environmental and material damage in 2015 topped 119.4 million Euros, which was lower than the average damage recorded in the previous ten-year period, which totalled around 173 million Euros.<\/p>\n At the start of the 21st century, cellulose companies were aware that they were facing a collective threat, and decided to join forces to create a joint fire combat structure called Afocelca. This is Portugal\u2019s first professional forest fire fighter brigade. Throughout the summer, it has land-based resources at its disposal all over the country, backed up by several aircraft and a centralised control centre to coordinate all resources on the frontlines where it operates.<\/p>\n Afocelca was created along the lines of the Chilean fire-fighting model, and at its inception several professional firemen from Chile were involved in heading up the brigades. Manual tools are seen as being essential to its fire strategy and its philosophy is to attack en masse right at the start.<\/p>\n The Afocelca Method was acknowledged and incorporated into the strategies employed by many fire brigades. Afocelca was gradually recognised by the Civil Protection authorities and was brought into the fold of the DECIF (Dispositivo Especial de Combate a Inc\u00eandios Florestais \u2013 Special Forest Fire-Fighting Unit).<\/p>\n At the turn of the century, the difference in how fires were behaving started to become more apparent. The ongoing neglect of the countryside resulting from people moving to the cities created conditions which were very favourable to Major Forest Fires (GIF) and 2003 and 2005 were the worst years in living memory in Portugal. As a result, several laws were passed aimed at reducing the country\u2019s vulnerability to GIFs.<\/p>\n This reduction was based on compartmentalizing the landscape and creating a network of firebreaks free of tinder. These firebreaks protected rural areas and made it possible to halt a fire in its tracks at strategic locations. Based on the right principles, the National Plan to Protect Forests From Fires (PNDFCI) contains an error which proved fatal: it failed to address the issue of who was responsible for execution.<\/p>\n Almost all firebreaks are located on private properties and the State did not want to bear the costs of cleaning them\u2026, bearing in mind this land does not create enough wealth to support this cost. As a result, every year virtually none of the PNDFCI is fulfilled. But that\u2019s not the only problem: 10 years on from the legislation being passed to envisage the Primary Networkbeing declared a public utility, the State has so far failed to do so. Presumably in order to avoid paying compensation to forest landowners for the loss of production arising from the implementation of the Primary Network.<\/p>\n After the relative calm of the second half of the last decade, the first ten years of the 21st century have revealed it is impossible to reach any of the targets set out in the PNDFCI. The failure to create the network of firebreaks, the abandonment of the countryside (and resultant accumulation of combustible material) and inefficient fire-fighting procedures, all mean that the size of the fires is at the mercy of the weather conditions.<\/p>\n The large number of scientific studies into fires in Portugal has already clearly shown that they are not caused by any forest species in particular, but rather result from a long process of change of use of the land. The Eucalyptus is one of the few which is capable of creating sufficient wealth to selffinance the management of combustible material, as proven by how cellulose companies manage their land and are exemplary in implementing preventative forestry practices. Oddly, it was this species which was recently singled out for demonization in an unprecedented piece of discriminatory legislation in Portugal. According to Henk Feith, a forestry engineer, \u201cThe so-called Forest Reform will accelerate the movements whereby forests become neglected, as it\u2019s little more than a series of restrictions on private business activity. By forbidding investment in reforestation, which is crucial to ensuring the forest remains productive and profitable, landowners will gradually give up on managing their areas of brushwood, and will leave them to their fate with the next Major Forest Fire\u201d.<\/p>\n Rather than taking into account the socio-economic processes underlying the changes occurring in the countryside, the Forest Reform will only aggravate the problem of fires and desertification.<\/p>\n Over the last few decades, GIFs have become systemic rather than the result of an unfortunate combination of factors. They are the result of a countryside which has been left abandoned, associated with climate change which has led to conditions which are prone to raging, out-of-control fires.<\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"Experts have identified several explanations as to why fires have been becoming more frequent in the last 40 to 50 years, particularly around the Mediterranean. One of the factors humans cannot control is climate change, which leads to extended periods of drought over extensive swathes of land, increasing the fire risk.\r\n\r\nEvery six years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), formed under the remit of the United Nations (UN), publishes a report analysing alterations to the climate and their causes, and setting out ways to reduce their effects.\r\n\r\nThe most recent study (2014) points to human activity being the main cause of climate change. Global warming impacts negatively on human society, nature and the planet in many different ways.\r\n\r\nFor example, in terms of the Mediterranean, which includes Portugal, there have been warnings of changes leading to increased heat waves and longer droughts. This of course means the forest fire season becomes longer and potentially leads to increased areas of land being burnt in the Mediterranean Basin.\r\n\r\nDrought brings with it higher temperatures and lower humidity. When accompanied by strong winds, this increases the risk of forest fires.\r\n\r\nThe problem of forest fires is a many-faceted one and does not relate only to climate change. There are other aspects which go some way towards explaining how fires are ignited and how they spread on such a large scale in Portugal\u2019s forests. The ageing of the rural populace and the flow of people from the Portuguese interior towards urban areas have contributed towards much of the country\u2019s farmland having disappeared.\r\n\r\n[blockquote text=\"Brushwood would formerly have been cleared to provide fuel or animal feed. In all of Europe, Portugal is the country which has undergone the fastest transition between deforestation and reforestation: what was an area of forest of between 4 and 7% in 1870, grew to almost 30% of mainland Portugal in one century.\"]\r\n\r\nThis transition coincided with the exodus from the countryside and the decline of agriculture, and the brushwood was left abandoned rather than cultivated and managed.\r\n\r\nThe disappearance of this economy enabled the expansion of the forest which gives landowners a means of income. Portugal lost these areas of undergrowth which acted as natural firebreaks, leaving vast areas of pine and eucalyptus forests vulnerable to fire owing to accumulated combustible material. A large part of the country is becoming desertified and State investment is dwindling in those areas, affecting resources and structures which used to help in terms of management, surveillance and policing.\r\n\r\n Forest fires are part of the ecosystemall over the Mediterranean. They always have been and always will be. They are the result of a combination of a high primary production of vegetation and very hot and dry summers.<\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"Forest fires are part of the ecosystemall over the Mediterranean. They always have been and always will be. They are the result of a combination of a high primary production of vegetation and very hot and dry summers."},"author":3,"featured_media":1288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_pt_post_content":"Os motivos que os especialistas identificam para justificar o aumento da ocorr\u00eancia de fogos, em especial na \u00e1rea mediterr\u00e2nica, nos \u00faltimos 40 a 50 anos, s\u00e3o v\u00e1rios. Um dos factores que o ser humano n\u00e3o controla s\u00e3o as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas, que introduzem per\u00edodos de seca prolongada no tempo e no territ\u00f3rio, aumentando o perigo de inc\u00eandio.\n\nO Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudan\u00e7as Clim\u00e1ticas (IPCC), criado no \u00e2mbito das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas (ONU), publica, a cada seis anos, um relat\u00f3rio em que se analisam as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas, as suas causas em que se mostram os caminhos que podem ser tomados para reduzir os seus efeitos.\n\nO mais recente destes estudos (2014) aponta a ac\u00e7\u00e3o do homem como principal causa das altera\u00e7\u00f5es que se verificam no clima. Os efeitos negativos do aquecimento global sobre a sociedade humana e a natureza s\u00e3o muitos e afectam o planeta de forma diferente.\n\nNo clima mediterr\u00e2nico, no qual se inclui Portugal, por exemplo, h\u00e1 alertas para uma mudan\u00e7a que implica o aumento de ondas de calor e per\u00edodos maiores de seca. Mudan\u00e7as que originam um prolongamento da \u00e9poca de inc\u00eandios e, possivelmente, aumentos das \u00e1reas queimadas em algumas regi\u00f5es da bacia mediterr\u00e2nea.\n\nA seca origina um aumento da temperatura e a redu\u00e7\u00e3o da humidade. Estes factores, quando associados a ventos fortes, aumentam o risco de inc\u00eandio. A problem\u00e1tica dos inc\u00eandios \u00e9 vasta e n\u00e3o est\u00e1 relacionada apenas com as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas. H\u00e1 outros aspectos que ajudam a explicar igni\u00e7\u00f5es e a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de fogos em inc\u00eandios de grande dimens\u00e3o na floresta portuguesa.\n\nO envelhecimento da popula\u00e7\u00e3o rural e o fluxo migrat\u00f3rio das zonas do interior do Pa\u00eds para espa\u00e7os urbanos contribu\u00edram para que muitas terras de cultivo e pastoreio deixassem de existir. O mato anteriormente era limpo para fornecer material comest\u00edvel ao gado ou combust\u00edvel.\n\n[blockquote text=\"Portugal \u00e9 o pa\u00eds da Europa em que a transi\u00e7\u00e3o entre a desarboriza\u00e7\u00e3o e a refloresta\u00e7\u00e3o foi mais r\u00e1pida: a \u00e1rea de floresta, que era de 4 a 7% em 1870, passou, num s\u00e9culo, para quase 30% do territ\u00f3rio continental.\"]\n\nEsta transi\u00e7\u00e3o coincidiu com o abandono da agricultura e o \u00eaxodo rural sem que se tenha consolidado uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o de gest\u00e3o e cultivo das matas. O desaparecimento desta economia veio permitir a expans\u00e3o da floresta que fornece rendimento aos propriet\u00e1rios dos terrenos. O Pa\u00eds perdeu estes espa\u00e7os naturais de corta-fogo, deixando vastas \u00e1reas florestais de pinheiro e eucalipto vulner\u00e1veis aos inc\u00eandios devido \u00e0 acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel.\n\nA desertifica\u00e7\u00e3o de uma parte do Pa\u00eds e o desinvestimento e desaparecimento de diferentes estruturas do Estado desses locais, que ajudavam a manter estruturas e meios de gest\u00e3o, vigil\u00e2ncia e policiamento, desapareceram em grande medida.\n![\"Henk](\"https:\/\/cdn.xl.pt\/conteudos\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/02\/FLOR-Incendios-Henk-Feith.jpg\")
Prevention<\/h2>\n
<\/div>Fighting fires is more difficult, inefficient and costly than preventing them in the first place.<\/h3><\/div><\/blockquote>\n
Private sector points the way<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/cdn.xl.pt\/conteudos\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/02\/GettyImages-698686360-1800x1200.jpg\")
<\/figure>\nDon’t demonise the forest<\/h2>\n
The forest belongs to the private sector<\/h2>\r\nOf all EU countries, Portugal has the greatest amount of forest in the hands of private individuals who, to a great extent, have to deal with its low profitability. This problem is particularly prevalent in the forests of the north and centre of the country, as well as in some mountain areas in the south, and its results are obvious: unmanaged forested land, in addition to neglected agricultural areas.\r\n\r\nThese are just some of the problems of human activity \u2013 or inactivity \u2013 which help to explain some of the fires. But they are not the only ones. There are other factors, such as the absence of an up-to-date forestry register covering all national soil, the lack of appropriate forest and land management policies, and inadequate legislation which does not enable enforcement or penalties for landowners in violation.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, current fire policy which is also followed by other Mediterranean countries focuses essentially on reducing the number of ignitions via fire suppression. These measures are reactive rather than preventative. When a country no longer has sufficient human and material resources to control and extinguish all the fires which occur in one day, a small flare-up can quickly become a Major Forest Fire {Grande Inc\u00eandio Florestal (GIF)}, raging out of control and sweeping across great swathes of forest. This policy needs to be improved with complementary fire prevention and forest management measures.\r\n\r\nHenk Feith, the production director at Altri Florestal, explains that after the relative calm of the second half of the last decade, the first ten years of the 21st century have revealed it is \u00a0impossible to reach any of the targets set out in the National Plan to Protect Forests From Fires {Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Inc\u00eandios (PNDFCI)}. According to Feith, \u201cthe failure to create a network of firebreaks, the ongoing abandonment of the countryside (and resultant accumulation of combustible material) and inefficient fire-fighting procedures, all mean that the size of the fires is at the mercy of the weather conditions\u201d.\r\n\r\nThe years 2016 and 2017 were marked by multiple fires which burnt down tens of thousands of hectares, which was clearly beyond the fire-fighting capacity of the National Civil Protection Authority {Autoridade Nacional de Protec\u00e7\u00e3o Civil (ANPC)}. The ANPC\u2019s abundant resources, consisting mainly of volunteer fire-fighters with no specific forest fire training, are unprepared to deal with Major Forest Fires (GIF).\r\n\r\nThe Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande tragedy added further obstacles to the operations carried out by the ANPC and its brigades, which were forced to switch their priority to avoiding further fatalities. If forest fire-fighting was already way down the pecking order on the ANPC\u2019s list of priorities, after Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o it was all but ignored.\r\n\r\nThe result of this was fires which lasted over a week and which swept many miles across the country. People are increasingly calling for forest fire combat to be attributed to a single body comprising professional fire-fighters tasked exclusively with forest fires.\r\n\r\n[image id=\"1279\" format=\"img-header-image\"]\r\n\r\n
Prevention<\/h2>\r\nIt\u2019s no secret. Fighting fires is more difficult, inefficient and costly than preventing them in the first place. The data set out in this article show that there is a somewhat regular pattern which means that every year 120 thousand hectares in Portugal go up in smoke. Every year there is major environmental damage such as the destruction of habitats, economic damage arising from the costs of fighting these fires, and even loss of human life.\r\n\r\nIn its annual report on forest fires and the areas burnt in Mainland Portugal for 2015 \u2013 this is the most recent final document \u2013 the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests has a different take on the environmental and material damage. The methodology used to ascertain the value of the losses resulting from the fires is based on cross-referencing mapping of the areas burnt in Mainland Portugal, provided by the EFFIS \u2013 European Forest Fire Information System, with the statistical information obtained by the 2010 National Forestry Inventory and by applying the criteria considered in the breakdown of value of forests as set out by the National Forest Strategy, in terms of the component pertaining to the relative risk of forest fires.\r\n\r\n[blockquote text=\"Fighting fires is more difficult, inefficient and costly than preventing them in the first place.\"]\r\n\r\nThe resulting figure is extrapolated to the value of the area burnt provided by the Forest Fire Information Management System {Sistema de Gest\u00e3o da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Inc\u00eandios Florestais (SGIF)}. The estimated environmental and material damage in 2015 topped 119.4 million Euros, which was lower than the average damage recorded in the previous ten-year period, which totalled around 173 million Euros.\r\n\r\n
Private sector points the way<\/h2>\r\nAt the start of the 21st century, cellulose companies were aware that they were facing a collective threat, and decided to join forces to create a joint fire combat structure called Afocelca. This is Portugal\u2019s first professional forest fire fighter brigade. Throughout the summer, it has land-based resources at its disposal all over the country, backed up by several aircraft and a centralised control centre to coordinate all resources on the frontlines where it operates.\r\n\r\nAfocelca was created along the lines of the Chilean fire-fighting model, and at its inception several professional firemen from Chile were involved in heading up the brigades. Manual tools are seen as being essential to its fire strategy and its philosophy is to attack en masse right at the start.\r\n\r\nThe Afocelca Method was acknowledged and incorporated into the strategies employed by many fire brigades. Afocelca was gradually recognised by the Civil Protection authorities and was brought into the fold of the DECIF (Dispositivo Especial de Combate a Inc\u00eandios Florestais \u2013 Special Forest Fire-Fighting Unit).\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, the difference in how fires were behaving started to become more apparent. The ongoing neglect of the countryside resulting from people moving to the cities created conditions which were very favourable to Major Forest Fires (GIF) and 2003 and 2005 were the worst years in living memory in Portugal. As a result, several laws were passed aimed at reducing the country\u2019s vulnerability to GIFs.\r\n\r\nThis reduction was based on compartmentalizing the landscape and creating a network of firebreaks free of tinder. These firebreaks protected rural areas and made it possible to halt a fire in its tracks at strategic locations. Based on the right principles, the National Plan to Protect Forests From Fires (PNDFCI) contains an error which proved fatal: it failed to address the issue of who was responsible for execution.\r\n\r\nAlmost all firebreaks are located on private properties and the State did not want to bear the costs of cleaning them\u2026, bearing in mind this land does not create enough wealth to support this cost. As a result, every year virtually none of the PNDFCI is fulfilled. But that\u2019s not the only problem: 10 years on from the legislation being passed to envisage the Primary Networkbeing declared a public utility, the State has so far failed to do so. Presumably in order to avoid paying compensation to forest landowners for the loss of production arising from the implementation of the Primary Network.\r\n\r\nAfter the relative calm of the second half of the last decade, the first ten years of the 21st century have revealed it is impossible to reach any of the targets set out in the PNDFCI. The failure to create the network of firebreaks, the abandonment of the countryside (and resultant accumulation of combustible material) and inefficient fire-fighting procedures, all mean that the size of the fires is at the mercy of the weather conditions.\r\n\r\n[image id=\"1282\" format=\"img-header-large\"]\r\n\r\n
Don't demonise the forest<\/h2>\r\nThe large number of scientific studies into fires in Portugal has already clearly shown that they are not caused by any forest species in particular, but rather result from a long process of change of use of the land. The Eucalyptus is one of the few which is capable of creating sufficient wealth to selffinance the management of combustible material, as proven by how cellulose companies manage their land and are exemplary in implementing preventative forestry practices. Oddly, it was this species which was recently singled out for demonization in an unprecedented piece of discriminatory legislation in Portugal. According to Henk Feith, a forestry engineer, \u201cThe so-called Forest Reform will accelerate the movements whereby forests become neglected, as it\u2019s little more than a series of restrictions on private business activity. By forbidding investment in reforestation, which is crucial to ensuring the forest remains productive and profitable, landowners will gradually give up on managing their areas of brushwood, and will leave them to their fate with the next Major Forest Fire\u201d.\r\n\r\nRather than taking into account the socio-economic processes underlying the changes occurring in the countryside, the Forest Reform will only aggravate the problem of fires and desertification.\r\n\r\nOver the last few decades, GIFs have become systemic rather than the result of an unfortunate combination of factors. They are the result of a countryside which has been left abandoned, associated with climate change which has led to conditions which are prone to raging, out-of-control fires."},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A floresta \u00e9 de privados<\/h2>\nPortugal \u00e9 o pa\u00eds da Uni\u00e3o Europeia com mais floresta nas m\u00e3os de propriet\u00e1rios privados que, em grande parte, se defrontam com a sua baixa rentabilidade. Este problema tem particular incid\u00eancia na floresta do Norte e do Centro, assim como em algumas \u00e1reas serranas do Sul, traduzindo-se num d\u00e9fice de gest\u00e3o das \u00e1reas florestais, ao qual se pode acrescentar o abandono de muitas \u00e1reas agr\u00edcolas.\n\nEstes s\u00e3o alguns problemas causados pela ac\u00e7\u00e3o, ou inac\u00e7\u00e3o, humana que ajudam a explicar uma parte dos inc\u00eandios. N\u00e3o s\u00e3o os \u00fanicos. H\u00e1 outros factores como a inexist\u00eancia de um cadastro florestal actualizado em toda a extens\u00e3o do territ\u00f3rio nacional, a falta de pol\u00edticas adequadas para a gest\u00e3o da floresta e do territ\u00f3rio e a exist\u00eancia de legisla\u00e7\u00e3o inadequada que n\u00e3o possibilita o seu cumprimento ou a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de coimas a quem infringe a lei. Depois existe uma pol\u00edtica, seguida pelos pa\u00edses mediterr\u00e2neos no combate a inc\u00eandios, que aposta essencialmente na redu\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00famero de igni\u00e7\u00f5es atrav\u00e9s da supress\u00e3o de inc\u00eandios. S\u00e3o medidas de reac\u00e7\u00e3o e n\u00e3o de preven\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\nQuando os pa\u00edses deixam de ter capacidade de recursos humanos e materiais proporcionais para controlar e extinguir todos os inc\u00eandios que surgem num dia, um fogacho transforma-se rapidamente num Grande Inc\u00eandio Florestal (GIF), descontrolado, queimando grandes \u00e1reas de floresta. \u00c9 necess\u00e1rio melhorar esta pol\u00edtica com medidas complementares de preven\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o da floresta.\n\nHenk Feith, director de produ\u00e7\u00e3o na Altri Florestal, explica que ap\u00f3s alguma bonan\u00e7a na segunda metade da d\u00e9cada passada, os anos 10 do s\u00e9culo XXI revelaram que n\u00e3o se consegue atingir nenhuma das metas propostas no Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Inc\u00eandios (PNDFCI).\n\n\u201cCom a n\u00e3o execu\u00e7\u00e3o da rede de faixas de gest\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel, a continua\u00e7\u00e3o do processo de abandono do mundo rural (e consequente acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel) e a inefic\u00e1cia no combate, a dimens\u00e3o dos inc\u00eandios depende sobretudo das condi\u00e7\u00f5es meteorol\u00f3gicas\u201d, diz Henk Feith. Os anos 2016 e 2017\n\nforam marcados por m\u00faltiplos inc\u00eandios de dezenas de milhares de hectares, para os quais a capacidade de combate e controlo por parte da Autoridade Nacional de Protec\u00e7\u00e3o Civil (ANPC) \u00e9 manifestamente insuficiente. Os abundantes meios da ANPC, baseados em grande parte em bombeiros volunt\u00e1rios sem forma\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica em combate a inc\u00eandios florestais, n\u00e3o est\u00e3o preparados para lidar com Grandes Inc\u00eandios Florestais (GIF).\n\nO desastre de Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande criou uma dificuldade acrescida \u00e0 operacionalidade da ANPC e \u00e0s suas corpora\u00e7\u00f5es, que passaram a ter como prioridade absoluta evitar novos acidentes letais. Se o combate florestal j\u00e1 era o parente pobre nas prioridades da ANPC, ap\u00f3s Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o praticamente desapareceu.\n\nO resultado foram inc\u00eandios de dura\u00e7\u00e3o de uma semana e que atravessaram o Pa\u00eds em muitas dezenas de quil\u00f3metros. Cada vez mais vozes se fazem ouvir, apelando \u00e0 atribui\u00e7\u00e3o da responsabilidade do combate florestal a uma entidade constitu\u00edda por bombeiros profissionais exclusivamente dedicados ao combate a inc\u00eandios florestais.\n\n[image id=\"1279\" format=\"img-header-large\"]\n
Preven\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\nN\u00e3o \u00e9 nenhum segredo. O combate aos inc\u00eandios \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil, ineficaz e dispendioso do que a sua preven\u00e7\u00e3o. Os dados apresentados neste artigo mostram a exist\u00eancia de um padr\u00e3o com uma periodicidade, mais ou menos regular, que faz com que Portugal tenha uma m\u00e9dia de 120 mil ha anuais consumidos pelo fogo. Todos os anos h\u00e1 preju\u00edzos importantes de ordem ambiental, como a destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de habitats, de ordem econ\u00f3mica, como os custos para combater os inc\u00eandios, e de ordem humana, como a perda de vidas ou acidentes.\n\nNo relat\u00f3rio anual de \u00e1reas ardidas e inc\u00eandios florestais em Portugal Continental, relativo a 2015 \u2013 \u00e9 o documento final mais recente \u2013, o Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza e das Florestas faz uma outra an\u00e1lise dos preju\u00edzos ambientais e materiais. A metodologia utilizada para a determina\u00e7\u00e3o do valor dos preju\u00edzos resultantes dos inc\u00eandios florestais tem por base o cruzamento da cartografia das \u00e1reas ardidas em Portugal Continental, dada pelo EFFIS \u2013 European Forest Fire Information System, com a informa\u00e7\u00e3o estat\u00edstica obtida pelo Invent\u00e1rio Florestal Nacional de 2010 e a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o dos crit\u00e9rios considerados na matriz estruturante do valor das florestas da Estrat\u00e9gia Nacional para as Florestas, no \u00e2mbito da componente do risco relativo dos inc\u00eandios florestais, sendo o valor obtido extrapolado para o valor da \u00e1rea ardida dado pelo Sistema de Gest\u00e3o da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Inc\u00eandios Florestais (SGIF).\n\n[blockquote text=\"O combate aos inc\u00eandios \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil, ineficaz e dispendioso do que a sua preven\u00e7\u00e3o.\"]\n\nA estimativa de preju\u00edzos ambientais e materiais no ano 2015 foi de 119,4 milh\u00f5es de euros, um valor inferior ao preju\u00edzo m\u00e9dio do dec\u00e9nio anterior, que se cifrou na ordem dos 173 milh\u00f5es de euros.\n
Privados mostram o caminho<\/h2>\nNo in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XXI as empresas de celulose, cientes de estarem perante uma amea\u00e7a colectiva, decidem juntar os seus esfor\u00e7os individuais de combate numa estrutura colectiva e \u00e9 criada a Afocelca. \u00c9 a primeira corpora\u00e7\u00e3o profissional de combatentes de inc\u00eandios florestais de Portugal e disp\u00f5e ao longo de todo o Ver\u00e3o de meios terrestres em todo o Pa\u00eds, apoiado por v\u00e1rios meios a\u00e9reos e um comando centralizado para a coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os meios nos inc\u00eandios onde actua.\n\nA Afocelca \u00e9 constru\u00edda com base no modelo chileno de combate a inc\u00eandios, contando no in\u00edcio com v\u00e1rios combatentes profissionais chilenos na chefia das brigadas. \u00c9 implementada a pr\u00e1tica de ferramentas manuais essenciais no combate e \u00e9 aplicada a filosofia de ataque inicial em massa.\n\nO M\u00e9todo Afocelca \u00e9 reconhecido e integrado nas estrat\u00e9gias de combate de muitas corpora\u00e7\u00f5es de bombeiros. A Afocelca gradualmente recebe o reconhecimento necess\u00e1rio por parte da Protec\u00e7\u00e3o Civil e passa a ser integrada no DECIF (Dispositivo Especial de Combate a Inc\u00eandios Florestais).\n\nCom o virar do s\u00e9culo, a mudan\u00e7a no comportamento do fogo nos inc\u00eandios torna-se cada vez mais evidente. Os impar\u00e1veis processos de abandono rural criaram condi\u00e7\u00f5es muito favor\u00e1veis para a ocorr\u00eancia de Grandes Inc\u00eandios Florestais (GIF) e em 2003 e 2005 assistiu-se aos piores anos de que h\u00e1 mem\u00f3ria em Portugal. Em resultado destes inc\u00eandios foram aprovados v\u00e1rios diplomas legais que visaram reduzir a vulnerabilidade do territ\u00f3rio Portugu\u00eas aos GIF.\n\nEsta redu\u00e7\u00e3o assentava na compartimenta\u00e7\u00e3o da paisagem e na cria\u00e7\u00e3o de uma rede de faixas de gest\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel. Estas \u00faltimas serviriam para proteger as localidades rurais e criar condi\u00e7\u00f5es para travar as frentes de fogos em locais estrat\u00e9gicos. Assente em princ\u00edpios correctos, o Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Inc\u00eandios (PNDFCI) cont\u00e9m um erro que se veio a revelar fatal: n\u00e3o resolveu a quest\u00e3o essencial do \u00f3nus da sua execu\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\nA quase totalidade das faixas de gest\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel localizam-se em propriedade privada e o Estado n\u00e3o quis assumir os custos da limpeza das faixas\u2026, isto num territ\u00f3rio que n\u00e3o cria riqueza suficiente para suportar essa despesa. O resultado \u00e9 que todos os anos quase todo o PNDFCI fica por executar. A culpa n\u00e3o morre solteira: 10 anos depois da publica\u00e7\u00e3o da legisla\u00e7\u00e3o, que prev\u00ea a declara\u00e7\u00e3o de utilidade p\u00fablica da Rede Prim\u00e1ria, o Estado ainda n\u00e3o a declarou. Presumivelmente para evitar o pagamento de compensa\u00e7\u00e3o pela perda de produ\u00e7\u00e3o aos propriet\u00e1rios florestais em resultado da implementa\u00e7\u00e3o da Rede Prim\u00e1ria.\n\nAp\u00f3s alguma bonan\u00e7a na segunda metade da d\u00e9cada passada, os anos 10 do s\u00e9culo XXI revelaram que n\u00e3o se consegue atingir nenhuma das metas propostas no PNDFCI. Com a n\u00e3o execu\u00e7\u00e3o da rede de faixas de gest\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel, a continua\u00e7\u00e3o do processo de abandono do mundo rural (com a consequente acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de combust\u00edvel) e a inefic\u00e1cia no combate, a dimens\u00e3o dos inc\u00eandios depende sobretudo das condi\u00e7\u00f5es meteorol\u00f3gicas do ano.\n\n[image id=\"1282\" format=\"img-header-large\"]\n
N\u00e3o diabolizar a floresta<\/h2>\nO elevado n\u00famero de estudos cient\u00edficos sobre os inc\u00eandios em Portugal j\u00e1 mostrou cabalmente que n\u00e3o s\u00e3o causados por qualquer esp\u00e9cie florestal em particular, mas sim resultante de um longo processo de mudan\u00e7a de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o do territ\u00f3rio. A cultura do eucalipto \u00e9 das poucas capazes de criar riqueza suficiente para autofinanciar a gest\u00e3o do combust\u00edvel, como \u00e9 comprovado pela gest\u00e3o do patrim\u00f3nio das empresas de celulose, exemplares na implementa\u00e7\u00e3o da silvicultura preventiva. Curiosamente foi esta esp\u00e9cie que foi recentemente diabolizada numa legisla\u00e7\u00e3o discriminat\u00f3ria sem precedentes em Portugal. \u201cA chamada Reforma da Floresta vai acelerar os processos de abandono da floresta, por ser pouco mais do que um conjunto de restri\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e0 actividade econ\u00f3mica privada.\n\nAo proibir o investimento em refloresta\u00e7\u00f5es, essencial para manter a floresta produtiva e rent\u00e1vel, os propriet\u00e1rios v\u00e3o gradualmente desistir da gest\u00e3o das suas matas, deixando-as entregues ao pr\u00f3ximo Grande Inc\u00eandio Florestal\u201d, conta o engenheiro florestal, Henk Feith. A Reforma da Floresta, em vez de atender aos processos socioecon\u00f3micos que est\u00e3o por tr\u00e1s das mudan\u00e7as no mundo rural, s\u00f3 vai agravar o problema dos fogos e da desertifica\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\nNas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, os GIF tornaram-se sist\u00e9micos e n\u00e3o fruto de uma coincid\u00eancia infeliz de factores. S\u00e3o resultado de um mundo rural abandonado, associado a altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas que proporcionam condi\u00e7\u00f5es favor\u00e1veis a inc\u00eandios violentos e incontrol\u00e1veis.","_pt_post_name":"o-que-motiva-os-incendios-de-grande-dimensao-em-portugal","_pt_post_excerpt":"Os fogos florestais fazem parte dos ecossistemas e resultam da combina\u00e7\u00e3o de uma elevada produ\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria vegetal com Ver\u00f5es muito secos e muito quentes.","_pt_post_title":"O que motiva os inc\u00eandios de grande dimens\u00e3o em Portugal?","_en_post_content":"Experts have identified several explanations as to why fires have been becoming more frequent in the last 40 to 50 years, particularly around the Mediterranean. One of the factors humans cannot control is climate change, which leads to extended periods of drought over extensive swathes of land, increasing the fire risk.\r\n\r\nEvery six years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), formed under the remit of the United Nations (UN), publishes a report analysing alterations to the climate and their causes, and setting out ways to reduce their effects.\r\n\r\nThe most recent study (2014) points to human activity being the main cause of climate change. Global warming impacts negatively on human society, nature and the planet in many different ways.\r\n\r\nFor example, in terms of the Mediterranean, which includes Portugal, there have been warnings of changes leading to increased heat waves and longer droughts. This of course means the forest fire season becomes longer and potentially leads to increased areas of land being burnt in the Mediterranean Basin.\r\n\r\nDrought brings with it higher temperatures and lower humidity. When accompanied by strong winds, this increases the risk of forest fires.\r\n\r\nThe problem of forest fires is a many-faceted one and does not relate only to climate change. There are other aspects which go some way towards explaining how fires are ignited and how they spread on such a large scale in Portugal\u2019s forests. The ageing of the rural populace and the flow of people from the Portuguese interior towards urban areas have contributed towards much of the country\u2019s farmland having disappeared.\r\n\r\n[blockquote text=\"Brushwood would formerly have been cleared to provide fuel or animal feed. In all of Europe, Portugal is the country which has undergone the fastest transition between deforestation and reforestation: what was an area of forest of between 4 and 7% in 1870, grew to almost 30% of mainland Portugal in one century.\"]\r\n\r\nThis transition coincided with the exodus from the countryside and the decline of agriculture, and the brushwood was left abandoned rather than cultivated and managed.\r\n\r\nThe disappearance of this economy enabled the expansion of the forest which gives landowners a means of income. Portugal lost these areas of undergrowth which acted as natural firebreaks, leaving vast areas of pine and eucalyptus forests vulnerable to fire owing to accumulated combustible material. A large part of the country is becoming desertified and State investment is dwindling in those areas, affecting resources and structures which used to help in terms of management, surveillance and policing.\r\n\r\n
The forest belongs to the private sector<\/h2>\r\nOf all EU countries, Portugal has the greatest amount of forest in the hands of private individuals who, to a great extent, have to deal with its low profitability. This problem is particularly prevalent in the forests of the north and centre of the country, as well as in some mountain areas in the south, and its results are obvious: unmanaged forested land, in addition to neglected agricultural areas.\r\n\r\nThese are just some of the problems of human activity \u2013 or inactivity \u2013 which help to explain some of the fires. But they are not the only ones. There are other factors, such as the absence of an up-to-date forestry register covering all national soil, the lack of appropriate forest and land management policies, and inadequate legislation which does not enable enforcement or penalties for landowners in violation.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, current fire policy which is also followed by other Mediterranean countries focuses essentially on reducing the number of ignitions via fire suppression. These measures are reactive rather than preventative. When a country no longer has sufficient human and material resources to control and extinguish all the fires which occur in one day, a small flare-up can quickly become a Major Forest Fire {Grande Inc\u00eandio Florestal (GIF)}, raging out of control and sweeping across great swathes of forest. This policy needs to be improved with complementary fire prevention and forest management measures.\r\n\r\nHenk Feith, the production director at Altri Florestal, explains that after the relative calm of the second half of the last decade, the first ten years of the 21st century have revealed it is \u00a0impossible to reach any of the targets set out in the National Plan to Protect Forests From Fires {Plano Nacional de Defesa da Floresta Contra Inc\u00eandios (PNDFCI)}. According to Feith, \u201cthe failure to create a network of firebreaks, the ongoing abandonment of the countryside (and resultant accumulation of combustible material) and inefficient fire-fighting procedures, all mean that the size of the fires is at the mercy of the weather conditions\u201d.\r\n\r\nThe years 2016 and 2017 were marked by multiple fires which burnt down tens of thousands of hectares, which was clearly beyond the fire-fighting capacity of the National Civil Protection Authority {Autoridade Nacional de Protec\u00e7\u00e3o Civil (ANPC)}. The ANPC\u2019s abundant resources, consisting mainly of volunteer fire-fighters with no specific forest fire training, are unprepared to deal with Major Forest Fires (GIF).\r\n\r\nThe Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande tragedy added further obstacles to the operations carried out by the ANPC and its brigades, which were forced to switch their priority to avoiding further fatalities. If forest fire-fighting was already way down the pecking order on the ANPC\u2019s list of priorities, after Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o it was all but ignored.\r\n\r\nThe result of this was fires which lasted over a week and which swept many miles across the country. People are increasingly calling for forest fire combat to be attributed to a single body comprising professional fire-fighters tasked exclusively with forest fires.\r\n\r\n[image id=\"1279\" format=\"img-header-image\"]\r\n\r\n
Prevention<\/h2>\r\nIt\u2019s no secret. Fighting fires is more difficult, inefficient and costly than preventing them in the first place. The data set out in this article show that there is a somewhat regular pattern which means that every year 120 thousand hectares in Portugal go up in smoke. Every year there is major environmental damage such as the destruction of habitats, economic damage arising from the costs of fighting these fires, and even loss of human life.\r\n\r\nIn its annual report on forest fires and the areas burnt in Mainland Portugal for 2015 \u2013 this is the most recent final document \u2013 the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests has a different take on the environmental and material damage. The methodology used to ascertain the value of the losses resulting from the fires is based on cross-referencing mapping of the areas burnt in Mainland Portugal, provided by the EFFIS \u2013 European Forest Fire Information System, with the statistical information obtained by the 2010 National Forestry Inventory and by applying the criteria considered in the breakdown of value of forests as set out by the National Forest Strategy, in terms of the component pertaining to the relative risk of forest fires.\r\n\r\n[blockquote text=\"Fighting fires is more difficult, inefficient and costly than preventing them in the first place.\"]\r\n\r\nThe resulting figure is extrapolated to the value of the area burnt provided by the Forest Fire Information Management System {Sistema de Gest\u00e3o da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Inc\u00eandios Florestais (SGIF)}. The estimated environmental and material damage in 2015 topped 119.4 million Euros, which was lower than the average damage recorded in the previous ten-year period, which totalled around 173 million Euros.\r\n\r\n
Private sector points the way<\/h2>\r\nAt the start of the 21st century, cellulose companies were aware that they were facing a collective threat, and decided to join forces to create a joint fire combat structure called Afocelca. This is Portugal\u2019s first professional forest fire fighter brigade. Throughout the summer, it has land-based resources at its disposal all over the country, backed up by several aircraft and a centralised control centre to coordinate all resources on the frontlines where it operates.\r\n\r\nAfocelca was created along the lines of the Chilean fire-fighting model, and at its inception several professional firemen from Chile were involved in heading up the brigades. Manual tools are seen as being essential to its fire strategy and its philosophy is to attack en masse right at the start.\r\n\r\nThe Afocelca Method was acknowledged and incorporated into the strategies employed by many fire brigades. Afocelca was gradually recognised by the Civil Protection authorities and was brought into the fold of the DECIF (Dispositivo Especial de Combate a Inc\u00eandios Florestais \u2013 Special Forest Fire-Fighting Unit).\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, the difference in how fires were behaving started to become more apparent. The ongoing neglect of the countryside resulting from people moving to the cities created conditions which were very favourable to Major Forest Fires (GIF) and 2003 and 2005 were the worst years in living memory in Portugal. As a result, several laws were passed aimed at reducing the country\u2019s vulnerability to GIFs.\r\n\r\nThis reduction was based on compartmentalizing the landscape and creating a network of firebreaks free of tinder. These firebreaks protected rural areas and made it possible to halt a fire in its tracks at strategic locations. Based on the right principles, the National Plan to Protect Forests From Fires (PNDFCI) contains an error which proved fatal: it failed to address the issue of who was responsible for execution.\r\n\r\nAlmost all firebreaks are located on private properties and the State did not want to bear the costs of cleaning them\u2026, bearing in mind this land does not create enough wealth to support this cost. As a result, every year virtually none of the PNDFCI is fulfilled. But that\u2019s not the only problem: 10 years on from the legislation being passed to envisage the Primary Networkbeing declared a public utility, the State has so far failed to do so. Presumably in order to avoid paying compensation to forest landowners for the loss of production arising from the implementation of the Primary Network.\r\n\r\nAfter the relative calm of the second half of the last decade, the first ten years of the 21st century have revealed it is impossible to reach any of the targets set out in the PNDFCI. The failure to create the network of firebreaks, the abandonment of the countryside (and resultant accumulation of combustible material) and inefficient fire-fighting procedures, all mean that the size of the fires is at the mercy of the weather conditions.\r\n\r\n[image id=\"1282\" format=\"img-header-large\"]\r\n\r\n
Don't demonise the forest<\/h2>\r\nThe large number of scientific studies into fires in Portugal has already clearly shown that they are not caused by any forest species in particular, but rather result from a long process of change of use of the land. The Eucalyptus is one of the few which is capable of creating sufficient wealth to selffinance the management of combustible material, as proven by how cellulose companies manage their land and are exemplary in implementing preventative forestry practices. Oddly, it was this species which was recently singled out for demonization in an unprecedented piece of discriminatory legislation in Portugal. According to Henk Feith, a forestry engineer, \u201cThe so-called Forest Reform will accelerate the movements whereby forests become neglected, as it\u2019s little more than a series of restrictions on private business activity. By forbidding investment in reforestation, which is crucial to ensuring the forest remains productive and profitable, landowners will gradually give up on managing their areas of brushwood, and will leave them to their fate with the next Major Forest Fire\u201d.\r\n\r\nRather than taking into account the socio-economic processes underlying the changes occurring in the countryside, the Forest Reform will only aggravate the problem of fires and desertification.\r\n\r\nOver the last few decades, GIFs have become systemic rather than the result of an unfortunate combination of factors. They are the result of a countryside which has been left abandoned, associated with climate change which has led to conditions which are prone to raging, out-of-control fires.","_en_post_name":"what-causes-huge-fires-in-portugal","_en_post_excerpt":"Forest fires are part of the ecosystemall over the Mediterranean. They always have been and always will be. They are the result of a combination of a high primary production of vegetation and very hot and dry summers.","_en_post_title":"What causes huge fires in Portugal?","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[95,157],"class_list":["post-1273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-floresta","tag-edicao-2","tag-incendios"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1273"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3946,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1273\/revisions\/3946"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1273"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}