Why does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n
In the EU, women’s hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men’s. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n
CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES<\/h2>
<\/p>\n
1975<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women’s Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that “The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights” (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women’s rights around the world.<\/p>\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n
<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n
There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n
56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n
Of the EU’s 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n
The global gender gap in 2021<\/h2>
\nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time – the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.<\/p>\n
Western Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.<\/p>\n
North America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.
\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/cdn.xl.pt\/conteudos\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2022\/05\/IgualdadeGeneroMercadoTrabalho-1-1920x1200.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nGender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":32,"featured_media":4757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_pt_post_content":"\n[lead]Assegurar a igualdade na tomada de decis\u00f5es, eliminar a viol\u00eancia baseada no g\u00e9nero e a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres s\u00e3o direitos que no s\u00e9culo XXI deveriam ser uma realidade em todas as sociedades. O mundo avan\u00e7a a v\u00e1rias velocidades e enquanto na Uni\u00e3o Europeia \u201cs\u00f3\u201d faltam 60 anos para se alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero, a m\u00e9dia mundial mostra que esta realidade \u00e9 bem mais distante e s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada em 2157, caso n\u00e3o haja mais retrocessos como os causados pela pandemia.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Igualdade de g\u00e9nero. Este \u00e9 o quinto Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS) definido pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas (ONU). E, \u00e0 primeira vista, at\u00e9 parece \u201csimples\u201d. Simples porque fala de acabar com todas as formas de discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o contra mulheres e meninas, em todo o mundo; de eliminar as formas de viol\u00eancia contra o g\u00e9nero feminino nas esferas p\u00fablicas e privadas, incluindo o tr\u00e1fico e a explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual. Aborda ainda a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas nocivas, como os casamentos prematuros, for\u00e7ados e envolvendo crian\u00e7as, bem como as mutila\u00e7\u00f5es genitais femininas. S\u00e3o problemas que acontecem noutras latitudes e que na Europa, e em Portugal, n\u00e3o tem repercuss\u00e3o. O mesmo n\u00e3o se pode dizer de outros temas que tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos no 5\u00ba ODS, como reconhecer e valorizar o trabalho de assist\u00eancia e dom\u00e9stico n\u00e3o remunerado e garantir a participa\u00e7\u00e3o plena e efetiva das mulheres e a igualdade de oportunidades para a lideran\u00e7a em todos os n\u00edveis de tomada de decis\u00e3o na vida pol\u00edtica, econ\u00f3mica e p\u00fablica. Ou ainda assegurar o acesso universal \u00e0 sa\u00fade sexual e reprodutiva e os direitos reprodutivos. Realizar reformas para dar \u00e0s mulheres direitos iguais aos recursos econ\u00f3micos, aumentar o uso de tecnologias de base para promover o empoderamento das mulheres e adotar e fortalecer pol\u00edticas s\u00f3lidas e legisla\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o da igualdade de g\u00e9nero s\u00e3o objetivos igualmente consagrados pela ONU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A necessidade dos objetivos<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nPorque raz\u00e3o estes direitos t\u00eam de ser expressos t\u00e3o detalhadamente, em forma de objetivos, pelas Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas? Basicamente porque as mulheres, em pleno s\u00e9culo XXI, continuam a ser mais discriminadas do que os homens. Seja por serem alvo de express\u00f5es sexistas, por terem menos oportunidades de acesso a cargos de decis\u00e3o ou, ainda, por sofrerem uma maior press\u00e3o social para conciliarem o trabalho dom\u00e9stico com o emprego. Ali\u00e1s, os cuidados n\u00e3o remunerados executados por mulheres representam quase o dobro do que \u00e9 realizado por homens nos pa\u00edses da OCDE. Ao n\u00edvel das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, em Portugal, em m\u00e9dia, a mulher faz 74% dessas tarefas, enquanto o homem com quem vive realiza, em m\u00e9dia, 23%, de acordo com um estudo da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Manuel Francisco dos Santos, baseada em dados daquela organiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, por exemplo, as m\u00e3es tamb\u00e9m suportam mais do triplo de trabalho que o pai. A mulher ocupa-se, em m\u00e9dia, de 73% das tarefas relativas ao cuidado e educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos e o homem de 21%. Dos 6% restantes ocupam-se os familiares ou a ajuda remunerada. Os casais com filhos que se podem considerar \u201csim\u00e9tricos\u201d no que diz respeito ao cuidado dos filhos s\u00e3o 35%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] As mulheres, na UE, recebem, em m\u00e9dia, menos 14% por hora que os homens. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, segundo este estudo, ao ritmo que, na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o, evoluiu a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do homem para a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, faltam entre cinco e seis gera\u00e7\u00f5es para que se igualem as posi\u00e7\u00f5es da mulher e do homem nos casais em que ambos trabalham fora de casa. Nos casais mais jovens, em que a mulher tem entre 18 e 40 anos, o homem suporta uma carga ligeiramente superior \u00e0 que suportam os que t\u00eam uma mulher com mais de 40 anos (26%, em m\u00e9dia, os primeiros, e 22% os segundos). No entanto, no que diz respeito \u00e0 contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do pai para o cuidado e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, n\u00e3o houve nenhuma evolu\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o. Assim vamos em Portugal. E na Europa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europa com ganhos fr\u00e1geis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEm 2021, a Uni\u00e3o Europeia obteve 68 pontos em 100 no \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, divulgado em outubro pelo Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero (EIGE). Um aumento considerado \u201cmicrosc\u00f3pico\u201d j\u00e1 que foi de apenas 0,6 pontos desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020. Na altura, Carlien Scheele, diretora do EIGE, considerava que a Europa obteve ganhos \u201cfr\u00e1geis\u201d no cap\u00edtulo da igualdade de g\u00e9nero. E alertava para o impacto que a pandemia da Covid-19 estava a ter no g\u00e9nero feminino. \u201cAs consequ\u00eancias econ\u00f3micas est\u00e3o a ser mais prolongadas para as mulheres, enquanto a expectativa de vida para os homens caiu.\u201d Mas a esta tem\u00e1tica pand\u00e9mica voltaremos mais tarde. S\u00f3 um spoiler: a pandemia fez a paridade de g\u00e9nero atrasar uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na Europa, Su\u00e9cia e Dinamarca s\u00e3o os pa\u00edses que melhores desempenhos t\u00eam neste \u00edndice, seguidos pela Holanda, que ultrapassou Finl\u00e2ndia e Fran\u00e7a. Em 2021, Luxemburgo, Litu\u00e2nia e Holanda melhoraram a sua presta\u00e7\u00e3o, sendo a Eslov\u00eania o \u00fanico pa\u00eds a retroceder. \u201cExistem grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es nas pontua\u00e7\u00f5es de igualdade de g\u00e9nero entre os pa\u00edses. Variam entre os 83,9 pontos na Su\u00e9cia e os 52,6 pontos na Gr\u00e9cia.\u201d Portugal, registou neste \u00edndice 62,2 pontos, comparados com os 73,7 de Espanha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uma paridade long\u00ednqua<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA paridade de g\u00e9nero na Uni\u00e3o Europeia ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada dentro de 60 anos, de acordo com o \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, do EIGE. No resto do mundo, a realidade \u00e9 outra. De acordo com o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, o impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 continua a sentir-se. O hiato de g\u00e9nero aumentou uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o: passou de 99,5 anos para 135,6 anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, este F\u00f3rum admite que o progresso em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 paridade de g\u00e9nero est\u00e1 estagnado em diversas grandes economias e ind\u00fastrias. \u201cIsso deve-se em parte ao facto de as mulheres trabalharem com mais frequ\u00eancia nos setores mais atingidos pelos confinamentos, combinados com as press\u00f5es adicionais de prestar cuidados em casa.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A 15\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o deste relat\u00f3rio compara a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em quatro \u00e1reas: participa\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f3mica e oportunidade; n\u00edvel educacional; sa\u00fade e sobreviv\u00eancia; e empoderamento pol\u00edtico. O documento evidencia que a deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o em 2021 \u00e9 parcialmente atribu\u00edda a uma crescente disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero em v\u00e1rios pa\u00edses com popula\u00e7\u00e3o elevada. Apesar de mais de metade dos 156 pa\u00edses indexados registarem uma melhoria, as mulheres ainda ocupam apenas 26,1% dos assentos parlamentares e 22,6% dos cargos ministeriais em todo o mundo. Na trajet\u00f3ria atual, a disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero deve levar 145,5 anos a atingir, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os 95 anos na edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 do relat\u00f3rio, um aumento de mais de 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CRONOLOGIA DA POL\u00cdTICA DE IGUALDADE DE G\u00c9NERO\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aprovada pela Assembleia Geral da ONU. Em 1980, Portugal ratifica esta Conven\u00e7\u00e3o. Este \u00e9 um dos grandes Tratados de Direitos Humanos e frequentemente apelidado a Magna Carta dos Direitos das Mulheres ou a Carta dos Direitos Humanos das Mulheres.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena acolhe a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Direitos Humanos, em que se reconhece que \"Os direitos humanos das mulheres e das crian\u00e7as do sexo feminino constituem uma parte inalien\u00e1vel, integral e indivis\u00edvel dos direitos humanos universais\" (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o e Programa de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Viena, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Realiza-se em Pequim a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Mulheres, Desenvolvimento e Paz em que foi adotada a Plataforma de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Pequim com o objetivo da concretiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos das mulheres em todo o mundo.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A ONU aprova a Agenda de 2030 e enuncia os 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS). A dimens\u00e3o do g\u00e9nero \u00e9 considerada transversal a toda a Agenda e constitui o 5\u00ba ODS: \"alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero e o empoderamento de todas as mulheres e meninas\" (ONU, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Disparidade econ\u00f3mica \u00e9 enorme<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nJ\u00e1 a disparidade econ\u00f3mica teve apenas uma melhoria marginal desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 e deve levar mais 267,6 anos a alcan\u00e7ar a paridade. \u201cO lento progresso deve-se a tend\u00eancias opostas \u2013 enquanto a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres entre os profissionais qualificados continua a aumentar, as disparidades de rendimento persistem e poucas mulheres est\u00e3o representadas em cargos de gest\u00e3o\u201d, l\u00ea-se no resumo do relat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Embora essas descobertas sejam \u201cpreocupantes\u201d, para o F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero na educa\u00e7\u00e3o e na sa\u00fade est\u00e3o quase a ser esbatidas. Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto 37 pa\u00edses alcan\u00e7aram a paridade de g\u00e9nero, levar\u00e1 mais 14,2 anos para \u201cfechar\u201d completamente essa lacuna devido \u00e0 desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o do progresso. Na sa\u00fade, mais de 95% desse hiato j\u00e1 n\u00e3o existe, registando-se um decl\u00ednio marginal desde o ano passado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] H\u00e1 menos mulheres em posi\u00e7\u00f5es executivas: menos de 10% det\u00eam o cargo de CEO em empresas de topo. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cA pandemia teve impacto fundamentalmente na igualdade de g\u00e9nero no local de trabalho e em casa, revertendo anos de progresso. Se queremos uma economia futura din\u00e2mica, \u00e9 vital que as mulheres estejam representadas nos empregos do amanh\u00e3. Agora, mais do que nunca, \u00e9 crucial concentrar a aten\u00e7\u00e3o da lideran\u00e7a, comprometer-se com metas firmes e mobilizar recursos\u201d, disse Saadia Zahidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O impacto da Covid-19 nas mulheres<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA pandemia teve um impacto mais negativo nas mulheres do que nos homens, com as mulheres a perderem os empregos a taxas mais altas (5% vs. 3,9% entre os homens, segundo a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional do Trabalho), em parte devido \u00e0 sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o desproporcional em setores diretamente interrompidos pelos confinamentos, como o setor consumidor. Dados dos Estados Unidos tamb\u00e9m indicam que as mulheres de grupos raciais e \u00e9tnicos historicamente desfavorecidos s\u00e3o as mais afetadas. J\u00e1 a informa\u00e7\u00e3o de uma pesquisa da Ipsos sugere que, quando os estabelecimentos de atendimento fecharam, as responsabilidades dom\u00e9sticas, de cuidar de crian\u00e7as e idosos, reca\u00edram desproporcionalmente sobre as mulheres, contribuindo para n\u00edveis mais altos de stress e n\u00edveis mais baixos de produtividade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c0 medida que o mercado de trabalho recupera, os dados do LinkedIn mostram que as mulheres est\u00e3o a ser contratadas a um ritmo mais lento em v\u00e1rios setores. Elas t\u00eam ainda menos possibilidade de serem contratadas para cargos de lideran\u00e7a, o que resulta de uma revers\u00e3o de at\u00e9 dois anos de progresso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mulheres em empregos emergentes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSetores com uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o historicamente baixa de mulheres tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o os considerados \u201cempregos do amanh\u00e3\u201d de r\u00e1pido crescimento, evidencia o relat\u00f3rio do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial. Na computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem, por exemplo, as mulheres representam 14% da for\u00e7a de trabalho; em engenharia, 20%; e em dados e intelig\u00eancia artificial, 32%; e \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil para as mulheres mudar para esses pap\u00e9is emergentes do que para os homens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% do tempo que as mulheres passam acordadas em casa \u00e9 dedicado a trabalho n\u00e3o pago. Isto traduz-se em 3h48 por dia, nos dias \u00fateis. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cAs mulheres n\u00e3o est\u00e3o bem representadas na maioria dos pap\u00e9is de r\u00e1pido crescimento, o que significa que estamos a acumular problemas ainda maiores de representa\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e9nero \u00e0 medida que emergimos da pandemia. Esses pap\u00e9is desempenham um papel significativo na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os aspetos da tecnologia e de como ela \u00e9 implantada no mundo\u201d, disse Sue Duke, chefe de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas globais do LinkedIn, em coment\u00e1rio ao relat\u00f3rio. \u201cN\u00f3s simplesmente temos que ter as vozes e as perspetivas das mulheres representadas nesta fase fundamental, especialmente porque a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a acelerar. Empresas e governos precisam de incorporar diversidade, equidade e inclus\u00e3o nos seus planos de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 fundamental avaliar os candidatos pelas suas compet\u00eancias e potencial e n\u00e3o apenas pela sua experi\u00eancia de trabalho direta e pelas qualifica\u00e7\u00f5es formais. A contrata\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em compet\u00eancias \u00e9 fundamental se quisermos tornar as nossas economias e sociedades mais inclusivas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e1 luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nH\u00e1. No dia 21 de janeiro de 2021, os eurodeputados aprovaram uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a Estrat\u00e9gia da UE para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, na qual solicitam que a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia elabore um novo e ambicioso plano de a\u00e7\u00e3o para as disparidades salariais entre homens e mulheres, que dever\u00e1 estabelecer metas claras para os Estadosmembros no sentido de reduzirem as disparidades salariais de g\u00e9nero durante os pr\u00f3ximos cinco anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Dos 49 milh\u00f5es de cuidadores de sa\u00fade na UE que estiveram mais expostos ao v\u00edrus, cerca de 76% eram mulheres. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Al\u00e9m disso, o Parlamento Europeu quer que seja mais f\u00e1cil para as mulheres e as raparigas estudarem e trabalharem em setores tipicamente masculinos, que haja maior flexibilidade nos hor\u00e1rios de trabalho e que se melhorem os sal\u00e1rios e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho em \u00e1reas de maior preval\u00eancia feminina. Haver luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel, h\u00e1. Esperemos \u00e9 que n\u00e3o demore 135 anos a percorrer o t\u00fanel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"A diferen\u00e7a global de g\u00e9nero em 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nSegundo o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, pela 12\u00aa vez, a Isl\u00e2ndia \u00e9 o pa\u00eds com mais igualdade de g\u00e9nero no mundo. Os cinco pa\u00edses que mais melhoraram no \u00edndice geral em 2021 s\u00e3o Litu\u00e2nia, S\u00e9rvia, Timor-Leste, Togo e Emirados \u00c1rabes Unidos, tendo reduzido as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em pelo menos 4,4% ou mais. Timor-Leste e Togo tamb\u00e9m conseguiram reduzir o seu fosso econ\u00f3mico em pelo menos 17%.
\nA Europa Ocidental continua a ser a regi\u00e3o com melhor desempenho e melhorou ainda mais, com 77,6% da diferen\u00e7a geral de g\u00e9nero a deixar de existir. A este ritmo ser\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios 52,1 anos para terminar o hiato entre g\u00e9neros. Seis dos 10 principais pa\u00edses do \u00edndice s\u00e3o desta regi\u00e3o do mundo e a melhoria de 2021 \u00e9 impulsionada pelo facto de 17 dos 20 pa\u00edses desta geografia terem melhorado pelo menos marginalmente o seu desempenho.
\nA Am\u00e9rica do Norte (76,4%), compreendendo o Canad\u00e1 e os Estados Unidos, \u00e9 a regi\u00e3o que mais melhorou, um aumento de quase 3,5%. Como resultado, levar\u00e1 61,5 anos para p\u00f4r termo \u00e0 lacuna de g\u00e9nero. Uma parte significativa do progresso deste ano est\u00e1 relacionada com melhorias na disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero, tendo diminu\u00eddo de 18,4% para 33,4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4961\"]\n","_pt_post_name":"faltam-135-anos-para-a-mulher-ter-os-mesmos-direitos-do-homem","_pt_post_excerpt":"","_pt_post_title":"Faltam 135 anos para a mulher ter os mesmos direitos do homem","_en_post_content":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Gender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":" 135 years to go before women have the same rights as men","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[494],"class_list":["post-4754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tema-de-capa","tag-edicao-7"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4754"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5015,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions\/5015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
According to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n
CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES<\/h2>
<\/p>\n
1975<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women’s Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that “The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights” (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women’s rights around the world.<\/p>\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n
<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n
There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n
56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n
Of the EU’s 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n
The global gender gap in 2021<\/h2>
\nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time – the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.<\/p>\n
Western Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.<\/p>\n
North America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.
\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nGender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":32,"featured_media":4757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_pt_post_content":"\n[lead]Assegurar a igualdade na tomada de decis\u00f5es, eliminar a viol\u00eancia baseada no g\u00e9nero e a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres s\u00e3o direitos que no s\u00e9culo XXI deveriam ser uma realidade em todas as sociedades. O mundo avan\u00e7a a v\u00e1rias velocidades e enquanto na Uni\u00e3o Europeia \u201cs\u00f3\u201d faltam 60 anos para se alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero, a m\u00e9dia mundial mostra que esta realidade \u00e9 bem mais distante e s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada em 2157, caso n\u00e3o haja mais retrocessos como os causados pela pandemia.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Igualdade de g\u00e9nero. Este \u00e9 o quinto Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS) definido pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas (ONU). E, \u00e0 primeira vista, at\u00e9 parece \u201csimples\u201d. Simples porque fala de acabar com todas as formas de discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o contra mulheres e meninas, em todo o mundo; de eliminar as formas de viol\u00eancia contra o g\u00e9nero feminino nas esferas p\u00fablicas e privadas, incluindo o tr\u00e1fico e a explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual. Aborda ainda a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas nocivas, como os casamentos prematuros, for\u00e7ados e envolvendo crian\u00e7as, bem como as mutila\u00e7\u00f5es genitais femininas. S\u00e3o problemas que acontecem noutras latitudes e que na Europa, e em Portugal, n\u00e3o tem repercuss\u00e3o. O mesmo n\u00e3o se pode dizer de outros temas que tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos no 5\u00ba ODS, como reconhecer e valorizar o trabalho de assist\u00eancia e dom\u00e9stico n\u00e3o remunerado e garantir a participa\u00e7\u00e3o plena e efetiva das mulheres e a igualdade de oportunidades para a lideran\u00e7a em todos os n\u00edveis de tomada de decis\u00e3o na vida pol\u00edtica, econ\u00f3mica e p\u00fablica. Ou ainda assegurar o acesso universal \u00e0 sa\u00fade sexual e reprodutiva e os direitos reprodutivos. Realizar reformas para dar \u00e0s mulheres direitos iguais aos recursos econ\u00f3micos, aumentar o uso de tecnologias de base para promover o empoderamento das mulheres e adotar e fortalecer pol\u00edticas s\u00f3lidas e legisla\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o da igualdade de g\u00e9nero s\u00e3o objetivos igualmente consagrados pela ONU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A necessidade dos objetivos<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nPorque raz\u00e3o estes direitos t\u00eam de ser expressos t\u00e3o detalhadamente, em forma de objetivos, pelas Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas? Basicamente porque as mulheres, em pleno s\u00e9culo XXI, continuam a ser mais discriminadas do que os homens. Seja por serem alvo de express\u00f5es sexistas, por terem menos oportunidades de acesso a cargos de decis\u00e3o ou, ainda, por sofrerem uma maior press\u00e3o social para conciliarem o trabalho dom\u00e9stico com o emprego. Ali\u00e1s, os cuidados n\u00e3o remunerados executados por mulheres representam quase o dobro do que \u00e9 realizado por homens nos pa\u00edses da OCDE. Ao n\u00edvel das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, em Portugal, em m\u00e9dia, a mulher faz 74% dessas tarefas, enquanto o homem com quem vive realiza, em m\u00e9dia, 23%, de acordo com um estudo da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Manuel Francisco dos Santos, baseada em dados daquela organiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, por exemplo, as m\u00e3es tamb\u00e9m suportam mais do triplo de trabalho que o pai. A mulher ocupa-se, em m\u00e9dia, de 73% das tarefas relativas ao cuidado e educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos e o homem de 21%. Dos 6% restantes ocupam-se os familiares ou a ajuda remunerada. Os casais com filhos que se podem considerar \u201csim\u00e9tricos\u201d no que diz respeito ao cuidado dos filhos s\u00e3o 35%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] As mulheres, na UE, recebem, em m\u00e9dia, menos 14% por hora que os homens. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, segundo este estudo, ao ritmo que, na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o, evoluiu a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do homem para a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, faltam entre cinco e seis gera\u00e7\u00f5es para que se igualem as posi\u00e7\u00f5es da mulher e do homem nos casais em que ambos trabalham fora de casa. Nos casais mais jovens, em que a mulher tem entre 18 e 40 anos, o homem suporta uma carga ligeiramente superior \u00e0 que suportam os que t\u00eam uma mulher com mais de 40 anos (26%, em m\u00e9dia, os primeiros, e 22% os segundos). No entanto, no que diz respeito \u00e0 contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do pai para o cuidado e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, n\u00e3o houve nenhuma evolu\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o. Assim vamos em Portugal. E na Europa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europa com ganhos fr\u00e1geis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEm 2021, a Uni\u00e3o Europeia obteve 68 pontos em 100 no \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, divulgado em outubro pelo Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero (EIGE). Um aumento considerado \u201cmicrosc\u00f3pico\u201d j\u00e1 que foi de apenas 0,6 pontos desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020. Na altura, Carlien Scheele, diretora do EIGE, considerava que a Europa obteve ganhos \u201cfr\u00e1geis\u201d no cap\u00edtulo da igualdade de g\u00e9nero. E alertava para o impacto que a pandemia da Covid-19 estava a ter no g\u00e9nero feminino. \u201cAs consequ\u00eancias econ\u00f3micas est\u00e3o a ser mais prolongadas para as mulheres, enquanto a expectativa de vida para os homens caiu.\u201d Mas a esta tem\u00e1tica pand\u00e9mica voltaremos mais tarde. S\u00f3 um spoiler: a pandemia fez a paridade de g\u00e9nero atrasar uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na Europa, Su\u00e9cia e Dinamarca s\u00e3o os pa\u00edses que melhores desempenhos t\u00eam neste \u00edndice, seguidos pela Holanda, que ultrapassou Finl\u00e2ndia e Fran\u00e7a. Em 2021, Luxemburgo, Litu\u00e2nia e Holanda melhoraram a sua presta\u00e7\u00e3o, sendo a Eslov\u00eania o \u00fanico pa\u00eds a retroceder. \u201cExistem grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es nas pontua\u00e7\u00f5es de igualdade de g\u00e9nero entre os pa\u00edses. Variam entre os 83,9 pontos na Su\u00e9cia e os 52,6 pontos na Gr\u00e9cia.\u201d Portugal, registou neste \u00edndice 62,2 pontos, comparados com os 73,7 de Espanha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uma paridade long\u00ednqua<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA paridade de g\u00e9nero na Uni\u00e3o Europeia ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada dentro de 60 anos, de acordo com o \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, do EIGE. No resto do mundo, a realidade \u00e9 outra. De acordo com o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, o impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 continua a sentir-se. O hiato de g\u00e9nero aumentou uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o: passou de 99,5 anos para 135,6 anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, este F\u00f3rum admite que o progresso em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 paridade de g\u00e9nero est\u00e1 estagnado em diversas grandes economias e ind\u00fastrias. \u201cIsso deve-se em parte ao facto de as mulheres trabalharem com mais frequ\u00eancia nos setores mais atingidos pelos confinamentos, combinados com as press\u00f5es adicionais de prestar cuidados em casa.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A 15\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o deste relat\u00f3rio compara a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em quatro \u00e1reas: participa\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f3mica e oportunidade; n\u00edvel educacional; sa\u00fade e sobreviv\u00eancia; e empoderamento pol\u00edtico. O documento evidencia que a deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o em 2021 \u00e9 parcialmente atribu\u00edda a uma crescente disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero em v\u00e1rios pa\u00edses com popula\u00e7\u00e3o elevada. Apesar de mais de metade dos 156 pa\u00edses indexados registarem uma melhoria, as mulheres ainda ocupam apenas 26,1% dos assentos parlamentares e 22,6% dos cargos ministeriais em todo o mundo. Na trajet\u00f3ria atual, a disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero deve levar 145,5 anos a atingir, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os 95 anos na edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 do relat\u00f3rio, um aumento de mais de 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CRONOLOGIA DA POL\u00cdTICA DE IGUALDADE DE G\u00c9NERO\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aprovada pela Assembleia Geral da ONU. Em 1980, Portugal ratifica esta Conven\u00e7\u00e3o. Este \u00e9 um dos grandes Tratados de Direitos Humanos e frequentemente apelidado a Magna Carta dos Direitos das Mulheres ou a Carta dos Direitos Humanos das Mulheres.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena acolhe a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Direitos Humanos, em que se reconhece que \"Os direitos humanos das mulheres e das crian\u00e7as do sexo feminino constituem uma parte inalien\u00e1vel, integral e indivis\u00edvel dos direitos humanos universais\" (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o e Programa de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Viena, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Realiza-se em Pequim a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Mulheres, Desenvolvimento e Paz em que foi adotada a Plataforma de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Pequim com o objetivo da concretiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos das mulheres em todo o mundo.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A ONU aprova a Agenda de 2030 e enuncia os 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS). A dimens\u00e3o do g\u00e9nero \u00e9 considerada transversal a toda a Agenda e constitui o 5\u00ba ODS: \"alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero e o empoderamento de todas as mulheres e meninas\" (ONU, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Disparidade econ\u00f3mica \u00e9 enorme<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nJ\u00e1 a disparidade econ\u00f3mica teve apenas uma melhoria marginal desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 e deve levar mais 267,6 anos a alcan\u00e7ar a paridade. \u201cO lento progresso deve-se a tend\u00eancias opostas \u2013 enquanto a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres entre os profissionais qualificados continua a aumentar, as disparidades de rendimento persistem e poucas mulheres est\u00e3o representadas em cargos de gest\u00e3o\u201d, l\u00ea-se no resumo do relat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Embora essas descobertas sejam \u201cpreocupantes\u201d, para o F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero na educa\u00e7\u00e3o e na sa\u00fade est\u00e3o quase a ser esbatidas. Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto 37 pa\u00edses alcan\u00e7aram a paridade de g\u00e9nero, levar\u00e1 mais 14,2 anos para \u201cfechar\u201d completamente essa lacuna devido \u00e0 desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o do progresso. Na sa\u00fade, mais de 95% desse hiato j\u00e1 n\u00e3o existe, registando-se um decl\u00ednio marginal desde o ano passado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] H\u00e1 menos mulheres em posi\u00e7\u00f5es executivas: menos de 10% det\u00eam o cargo de CEO em empresas de topo. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cA pandemia teve impacto fundamentalmente na igualdade de g\u00e9nero no local de trabalho e em casa, revertendo anos de progresso. Se queremos uma economia futura din\u00e2mica, \u00e9 vital que as mulheres estejam representadas nos empregos do amanh\u00e3. Agora, mais do que nunca, \u00e9 crucial concentrar a aten\u00e7\u00e3o da lideran\u00e7a, comprometer-se com metas firmes e mobilizar recursos\u201d, disse Saadia Zahidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O impacto da Covid-19 nas mulheres<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA pandemia teve um impacto mais negativo nas mulheres do que nos homens, com as mulheres a perderem os empregos a taxas mais altas (5% vs. 3,9% entre os homens, segundo a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional do Trabalho), em parte devido \u00e0 sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o desproporcional em setores diretamente interrompidos pelos confinamentos, como o setor consumidor. Dados dos Estados Unidos tamb\u00e9m indicam que as mulheres de grupos raciais e \u00e9tnicos historicamente desfavorecidos s\u00e3o as mais afetadas. J\u00e1 a informa\u00e7\u00e3o de uma pesquisa da Ipsos sugere que, quando os estabelecimentos de atendimento fecharam, as responsabilidades dom\u00e9sticas, de cuidar de crian\u00e7as e idosos, reca\u00edram desproporcionalmente sobre as mulheres, contribuindo para n\u00edveis mais altos de stress e n\u00edveis mais baixos de produtividade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c0 medida que o mercado de trabalho recupera, os dados do LinkedIn mostram que as mulheres est\u00e3o a ser contratadas a um ritmo mais lento em v\u00e1rios setores. Elas t\u00eam ainda menos possibilidade de serem contratadas para cargos de lideran\u00e7a, o que resulta de uma revers\u00e3o de at\u00e9 dois anos de progresso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mulheres em empregos emergentes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSetores com uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o historicamente baixa de mulheres tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o os considerados \u201cempregos do amanh\u00e3\u201d de r\u00e1pido crescimento, evidencia o relat\u00f3rio do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial. Na computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem, por exemplo, as mulheres representam 14% da for\u00e7a de trabalho; em engenharia, 20%; e em dados e intelig\u00eancia artificial, 32%; e \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil para as mulheres mudar para esses pap\u00e9is emergentes do que para os homens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% do tempo que as mulheres passam acordadas em casa \u00e9 dedicado a trabalho n\u00e3o pago. Isto traduz-se em 3h48 por dia, nos dias \u00fateis. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cAs mulheres n\u00e3o est\u00e3o bem representadas na maioria dos pap\u00e9is de r\u00e1pido crescimento, o que significa que estamos a acumular problemas ainda maiores de representa\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e9nero \u00e0 medida que emergimos da pandemia. Esses pap\u00e9is desempenham um papel significativo na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os aspetos da tecnologia e de como ela \u00e9 implantada no mundo\u201d, disse Sue Duke, chefe de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas globais do LinkedIn, em coment\u00e1rio ao relat\u00f3rio. \u201cN\u00f3s simplesmente temos que ter as vozes e as perspetivas das mulheres representadas nesta fase fundamental, especialmente porque a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a acelerar. Empresas e governos precisam de incorporar diversidade, equidade e inclus\u00e3o nos seus planos de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 fundamental avaliar os candidatos pelas suas compet\u00eancias e potencial e n\u00e3o apenas pela sua experi\u00eancia de trabalho direta e pelas qualifica\u00e7\u00f5es formais. A contrata\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em compet\u00eancias \u00e9 fundamental se quisermos tornar as nossas economias e sociedades mais inclusivas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e1 luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nH\u00e1. No dia 21 de janeiro de 2021, os eurodeputados aprovaram uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a Estrat\u00e9gia da UE para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, na qual solicitam que a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia elabore um novo e ambicioso plano de a\u00e7\u00e3o para as disparidades salariais entre homens e mulheres, que dever\u00e1 estabelecer metas claras para os Estadosmembros no sentido de reduzirem as disparidades salariais de g\u00e9nero durante os pr\u00f3ximos cinco anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Dos 49 milh\u00f5es de cuidadores de sa\u00fade na UE que estiveram mais expostos ao v\u00edrus, cerca de 76% eram mulheres. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Al\u00e9m disso, o Parlamento Europeu quer que seja mais f\u00e1cil para as mulheres e as raparigas estudarem e trabalharem em setores tipicamente masculinos, que haja maior flexibilidade nos hor\u00e1rios de trabalho e que se melhorem os sal\u00e1rios e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho em \u00e1reas de maior preval\u00eancia feminina. Haver luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel, h\u00e1. Esperemos \u00e9 que n\u00e3o demore 135 anos a percorrer o t\u00fanel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"A diferen\u00e7a global de g\u00e9nero em 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nSegundo o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, pela 12\u00aa vez, a Isl\u00e2ndia \u00e9 o pa\u00eds com mais igualdade de g\u00e9nero no mundo. Os cinco pa\u00edses que mais melhoraram no \u00edndice geral em 2021 s\u00e3o Litu\u00e2nia, S\u00e9rvia, Timor-Leste, Togo e Emirados \u00c1rabes Unidos, tendo reduzido as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em pelo menos 4,4% ou mais. Timor-Leste e Togo tamb\u00e9m conseguiram reduzir o seu fosso econ\u00f3mico em pelo menos 17%.
\nA Europa Ocidental continua a ser a regi\u00e3o com melhor desempenho e melhorou ainda mais, com 77,6% da diferen\u00e7a geral de g\u00e9nero a deixar de existir. A este ritmo ser\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios 52,1 anos para terminar o hiato entre g\u00e9neros. Seis dos 10 principais pa\u00edses do \u00edndice s\u00e3o desta regi\u00e3o do mundo e a melhoria de 2021 \u00e9 impulsionada pelo facto de 17 dos 20 pa\u00edses desta geografia terem melhorado pelo menos marginalmente o seu desempenho.
\nA Am\u00e9rica do Norte (76,4%), compreendendo o Canad\u00e1 e os Estados Unidos, \u00e9 a regi\u00e3o que mais melhorou, um aumento de quase 3,5%. Como resultado, levar\u00e1 61,5 anos para p\u00f4r termo \u00e0 lacuna de g\u00e9nero. Uma parte significativa do progresso deste ano est\u00e1 relacionada com melhorias na disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero, tendo diminu\u00eddo de 18,4% para 33,4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4961\"]\n","_pt_post_name":"faltam-135-anos-para-a-mulher-ter-os-mesmos-direitos-do-homem","_pt_post_excerpt":"","_pt_post_title":"Faltam 135 anos para a mulher ter os mesmos direitos do homem","_en_post_content":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Gender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":" 135 years to go before women have the same rights as men","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[494],"class_list":["post-4754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tema-de-capa","tag-edicao-7"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4754"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5015,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions\/5015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n
56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n
Of the EU’s 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n
The global gender gap in 2021<\/h2>
\nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time – the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.<\/p>\n
Western Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.<\/p>\n
North America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.
\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nGender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":32,"featured_media":4757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_pt_post_content":"\n[lead]Assegurar a igualdade na tomada de decis\u00f5es, eliminar a viol\u00eancia baseada no g\u00e9nero e a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres s\u00e3o direitos que no s\u00e9culo XXI deveriam ser uma realidade em todas as sociedades. O mundo avan\u00e7a a v\u00e1rias velocidades e enquanto na Uni\u00e3o Europeia \u201cs\u00f3\u201d faltam 60 anos para se alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero, a m\u00e9dia mundial mostra que esta realidade \u00e9 bem mais distante e s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada em 2157, caso n\u00e3o haja mais retrocessos como os causados pela pandemia.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Igualdade de g\u00e9nero. Este \u00e9 o quinto Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS) definido pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas (ONU). E, \u00e0 primeira vista, at\u00e9 parece \u201csimples\u201d. Simples porque fala de acabar com todas as formas de discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o contra mulheres e meninas, em todo o mundo; de eliminar as formas de viol\u00eancia contra o g\u00e9nero feminino nas esferas p\u00fablicas e privadas, incluindo o tr\u00e1fico e a explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual. Aborda ainda a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas nocivas, como os casamentos prematuros, for\u00e7ados e envolvendo crian\u00e7as, bem como as mutila\u00e7\u00f5es genitais femininas. S\u00e3o problemas que acontecem noutras latitudes e que na Europa, e em Portugal, n\u00e3o tem repercuss\u00e3o. O mesmo n\u00e3o se pode dizer de outros temas que tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos no 5\u00ba ODS, como reconhecer e valorizar o trabalho de assist\u00eancia e dom\u00e9stico n\u00e3o remunerado e garantir a participa\u00e7\u00e3o plena e efetiva das mulheres e a igualdade de oportunidades para a lideran\u00e7a em todos os n\u00edveis de tomada de decis\u00e3o na vida pol\u00edtica, econ\u00f3mica e p\u00fablica. Ou ainda assegurar o acesso universal \u00e0 sa\u00fade sexual e reprodutiva e os direitos reprodutivos. Realizar reformas para dar \u00e0s mulheres direitos iguais aos recursos econ\u00f3micos, aumentar o uso de tecnologias de base para promover o empoderamento das mulheres e adotar e fortalecer pol\u00edticas s\u00f3lidas e legisla\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o da igualdade de g\u00e9nero s\u00e3o objetivos igualmente consagrados pela ONU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A necessidade dos objetivos<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nPorque raz\u00e3o estes direitos t\u00eam de ser expressos t\u00e3o detalhadamente, em forma de objetivos, pelas Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas? Basicamente porque as mulheres, em pleno s\u00e9culo XXI, continuam a ser mais discriminadas do que os homens. Seja por serem alvo de express\u00f5es sexistas, por terem menos oportunidades de acesso a cargos de decis\u00e3o ou, ainda, por sofrerem uma maior press\u00e3o social para conciliarem o trabalho dom\u00e9stico com o emprego. Ali\u00e1s, os cuidados n\u00e3o remunerados executados por mulheres representam quase o dobro do que \u00e9 realizado por homens nos pa\u00edses da OCDE. Ao n\u00edvel das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, em Portugal, em m\u00e9dia, a mulher faz 74% dessas tarefas, enquanto o homem com quem vive realiza, em m\u00e9dia, 23%, de acordo com um estudo da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Manuel Francisco dos Santos, baseada em dados daquela organiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, por exemplo, as m\u00e3es tamb\u00e9m suportam mais do triplo de trabalho que o pai. A mulher ocupa-se, em m\u00e9dia, de 73% das tarefas relativas ao cuidado e educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos e o homem de 21%. Dos 6% restantes ocupam-se os familiares ou a ajuda remunerada. Os casais com filhos que se podem considerar \u201csim\u00e9tricos\u201d no que diz respeito ao cuidado dos filhos s\u00e3o 35%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] As mulheres, na UE, recebem, em m\u00e9dia, menos 14% por hora que os homens. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, segundo este estudo, ao ritmo que, na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o, evoluiu a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do homem para a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, faltam entre cinco e seis gera\u00e7\u00f5es para que se igualem as posi\u00e7\u00f5es da mulher e do homem nos casais em que ambos trabalham fora de casa. Nos casais mais jovens, em que a mulher tem entre 18 e 40 anos, o homem suporta uma carga ligeiramente superior \u00e0 que suportam os que t\u00eam uma mulher com mais de 40 anos (26%, em m\u00e9dia, os primeiros, e 22% os segundos). No entanto, no que diz respeito \u00e0 contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do pai para o cuidado e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, n\u00e3o houve nenhuma evolu\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o. Assim vamos em Portugal. E na Europa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europa com ganhos fr\u00e1geis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEm 2021, a Uni\u00e3o Europeia obteve 68 pontos em 100 no \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, divulgado em outubro pelo Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero (EIGE). Um aumento considerado \u201cmicrosc\u00f3pico\u201d j\u00e1 que foi de apenas 0,6 pontos desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020. Na altura, Carlien Scheele, diretora do EIGE, considerava que a Europa obteve ganhos \u201cfr\u00e1geis\u201d no cap\u00edtulo da igualdade de g\u00e9nero. E alertava para o impacto que a pandemia da Covid-19 estava a ter no g\u00e9nero feminino. \u201cAs consequ\u00eancias econ\u00f3micas est\u00e3o a ser mais prolongadas para as mulheres, enquanto a expectativa de vida para os homens caiu.\u201d Mas a esta tem\u00e1tica pand\u00e9mica voltaremos mais tarde. S\u00f3 um spoiler: a pandemia fez a paridade de g\u00e9nero atrasar uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na Europa, Su\u00e9cia e Dinamarca s\u00e3o os pa\u00edses que melhores desempenhos t\u00eam neste \u00edndice, seguidos pela Holanda, que ultrapassou Finl\u00e2ndia e Fran\u00e7a. Em 2021, Luxemburgo, Litu\u00e2nia e Holanda melhoraram a sua presta\u00e7\u00e3o, sendo a Eslov\u00eania o \u00fanico pa\u00eds a retroceder. \u201cExistem grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es nas pontua\u00e7\u00f5es de igualdade de g\u00e9nero entre os pa\u00edses. Variam entre os 83,9 pontos na Su\u00e9cia e os 52,6 pontos na Gr\u00e9cia.\u201d Portugal, registou neste \u00edndice 62,2 pontos, comparados com os 73,7 de Espanha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uma paridade long\u00ednqua<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA paridade de g\u00e9nero na Uni\u00e3o Europeia ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada dentro de 60 anos, de acordo com o \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, do EIGE. No resto do mundo, a realidade \u00e9 outra. De acordo com o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, o impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 continua a sentir-se. O hiato de g\u00e9nero aumentou uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o: passou de 99,5 anos para 135,6 anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, este F\u00f3rum admite que o progresso em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 paridade de g\u00e9nero est\u00e1 estagnado em diversas grandes economias e ind\u00fastrias. \u201cIsso deve-se em parte ao facto de as mulheres trabalharem com mais frequ\u00eancia nos setores mais atingidos pelos confinamentos, combinados com as press\u00f5es adicionais de prestar cuidados em casa.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A 15\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o deste relat\u00f3rio compara a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em quatro \u00e1reas: participa\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f3mica e oportunidade; n\u00edvel educacional; sa\u00fade e sobreviv\u00eancia; e empoderamento pol\u00edtico. O documento evidencia que a deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o em 2021 \u00e9 parcialmente atribu\u00edda a uma crescente disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero em v\u00e1rios pa\u00edses com popula\u00e7\u00e3o elevada. Apesar de mais de metade dos 156 pa\u00edses indexados registarem uma melhoria, as mulheres ainda ocupam apenas 26,1% dos assentos parlamentares e 22,6% dos cargos ministeriais em todo o mundo. Na trajet\u00f3ria atual, a disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero deve levar 145,5 anos a atingir, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os 95 anos na edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 do relat\u00f3rio, um aumento de mais de 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CRONOLOGIA DA POL\u00cdTICA DE IGUALDADE DE G\u00c9NERO\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aprovada pela Assembleia Geral da ONU. Em 1980, Portugal ratifica esta Conven\u00e7\u00e3o. Este \u00e9 um dos grandes Tratados de Direitos Humanos e frequentemente apelidado a Magna Carta dos Direitos das Mulheres ou a Carta dos Direitos Humanos das Mulheres.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena acolhe a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Direitos Humanos, em que se reconhece que \"Os direitos humanos das mulheres e das crian\u00e7as do sexo feminino constituem uma parte inalien\u00e1vel, integral e indivis\u00edvel dos direitos humanos universais\" (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o e Programa de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Viena, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Realiza-se em Pequim a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Mulheres, Desenvolvimento e Paz em que foi adotada a Plataforma de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Pequim com o objetivo da concretiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos das mulheres em todo o mundo.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A ONU aprova a Agenda de 2030 e enuncia os 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS). A dimens\u00e3o do g\u00e9nero \u00e9 considerada transversal a toda a Agenda e constitui o 5\u00ba ODS: \"alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero e o empoderamento de todas as mulheres e meninas\" (ONU, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Disparidade econ\u00f3mica \u00e9 enorme<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nJ\u00e1 a disparidade econ\u00f3mica teve apenas uma melhoria marginal desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 e deve levar mais 267,6 anos a alcan\u00e7ar a paridade. \u201cO lento progresso deve-se a tend\u00eancias opostas \u2013 enquanto a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres entre os profissionais qualificados continua a aumentar, as disparidades de rendimento persistem e poucas mulheres est\u00e3o representadas em cargos de gest\u00e3o\u201d, l\u00ea-se no resumo do relat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Embora essas descobertas sejam \u201cpreocupantes\u201d, para o F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero na educa\u00e7\u00e3o e na sa\u00fade est\u00e3o quase a ser esbatidas. Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto 37 pa\u00edses alcan\u00e7aram a paridade de g\u00e9nero, levar\u00e1 mais 14,2 anos para \u201cfechar\u201d completamente essa lacuna devido \u00e0 desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o do progresso. Na sa\u00fade, mais de 95% desse hiato j\u00e1 n\u00e3o existe, registando-se um decl\u00ednio marginal desde o ano passado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] H\u00e1 menos mulheres em posi\u00e7\u00f5es executivas: menos de 10% det\u00eam o cargo de CEO em empresas de topo. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cA pandemia teve impacto fundamentalmente na igualdade de g\u00e9nero no local de trabalho e em casa, revertendo anos de progresso. Se queremos uma economia futura din\u00e2mica, \u00e9 vital que as mulheres estejam representadas nos empregos do amanh\u00e3. Agora, mais do que nunca, \u00e9 crucial concentrar a aten\u00e7\u00e3o da lideran\u00e7a, comprometer-se com metas firmes e mobilizar recursos\u201d, disse Saadia Zahidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O impacto da Covid-19 nas mulheres<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA pandemia teve um impacto mais negativo nas mulheres do que nos homens, com as mulheres a perderem os empregos a taxas mais altas (5% vs. 3,9% entre os homens, segundo a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional do Trabalho), em parte devido \u00e0 sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o desproporcional em setores diretamente interrompidos pelos confinamentos, como o setor consumidor. Dados dos Estados Unidos tamb\u00e9m indicam que as mulheres de grupos raciais e \u00e9tnicos historicamente desfavorecidos s\u00e3o as mais afetadas. J\u00e1 a informa\u00e7\u00e3o de uma pesquisa da Ipsos sugere que, quando os estabelecimentos de atendimento fecharam, as responsabilidades dom\u00e9sticas, de cuidar de crian\u00e7as e idosos, reca\u00edram desproporcionalmente sobre as mulheres, contribuindo para n\u00edveis mais altos de stress e n\u00edveis mais baixos de produtividade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c0 medida que o mercado de trabalho recupera, os dados do LinkedIn mostram que as mulheres est\u00e3o a ser contratadas a um ritmo mais lento em v\u00e1rios setores. Elas t\u00eam ainda menos possibilidade de serem contratadas para cargos de lideran\u00e7a, o que resulta de uma revers\u00e3o de at\u00e9 dois anos de progresso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mulheres em empregos emergentes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSetores com uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o historicamente baixa de mulheres tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o os considerados \u201cempregos do amanh\u00e3\u201d de r\u00e1pido crescimento, evidencia o relat\u00f3rio do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial. Na computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem, por exemplo, as mulheres representam 14% da for\u00e7a de trabalho; em engenharia, 20%; e em dados e intelig\u00eancia artificial, 32%; e \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil para as mulheres mudar para esses pap\u00e9is emergentes do que para os homens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% do tempo que as mulheres passam acordadas em casa \u00e9 dedicado a trabalho n\u00e3o pago. Isto traduz-se em 3h48 por dia, nos dias \u00fateis. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cAs mulheres n\u00e3o est\u00e3o bem representadas na maioria dos pap\u00e9is de r\u00e1pido crescimento, o que significa que estamos a acumular problemas ainda maiores de representa\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e9nero \u00e0 medida que emergimos da pandemia. Esses pap\u00e9is desempenham um papel significativo na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os aspetos da tecnologia e de como ela \u00e9 implantada no mundo\u201d, disse Sue Duke, chefe de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas globais do LinkedIn, em coment\u00e1rio ao relat\u00f3rio. \u201cN\u00f3s simplesmente temos que ter as vozes e as perspetivas das mulheres representadas nesta fase fundamental, especialmente porque a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a acelerar. Empresas e governos precisam de incorporar diversidade, equidade e inclus\u00e3o nos seus planos de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 fundamental avaliar os candidatos pelas suas compet\u00eancias e potencial e n\u00e3o apenas pela sua experi\u00eancia de trabalho direta e pelas qualifica\u00e7\u00f5es formais. A contrata\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em compet\u00eancias \u00e9 fundamental se quisermos tornar as nossas economias e sociedades mais inclusivas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e1 luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nH\u00e1. No dia 21 de janeiro de 2021, os eurodeputados aprovaram uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a Estrat\u00e9gia da UE para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, na qual solicitam que a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia elabore um novo e ambicioso plano de a\u00e7\u00e3o para as disparidades salariais entre homens e mulheres, que dever\u00e1 estabelecer metas claras para os Estadosmembros no sentido de reduzirem as disparidades salariais de g\u00e9nero durante os pr\u00f3ximos cinco anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Dos 49 milh\u00f5es de cuidadores de sa\u00fade na UE que estiveram mais expostos ao v\u00edrus, cerca de 76% eram mulheres. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Al\u00e9m disso, o Parlamento Europeu quer que seja mais f\u00e1cil para as mulheres e as raparigas estudarem e trabalharem em setores tipicamente masculinos, que haja maior flexibilidade nos hor\u00e1rios de trabalho e que se melhorem os sal\u00e1rios e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho em \u00e1reas de maior preval\u00eancia feminina. Haver luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel, h\u00e1. Esperemos \u00e9 que n\u00e3o demore 135 anos a percorrer o t\u00fanel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"A diferen\u00e7a global de g\u00e9nero em 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nSegundo o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, pela 12\u00aa vez, a Isl\u00e2ndia \u00e9 o pa\u00eds com mais igualdade de g\u00e9nero no mundo. Os cinco pa\u00edses que mais melhoraram no \u00edndice geral em 2021 s\u00e3o Litu\u00e2nia, S\u00e9rvia, Timor-Leste, Togo e Emirados \u00c1rabes Unidos, tendo reduzido as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em pelo menos 4,4% ou mais. Timor-Leste e Togo tamb\u00e9m conseguiram reduzir o seu fosso econ\u00f3mico em pelo menos 17%.
\nA Europa Ocidental continua a ser a regi\u00e3o com melhor desempenho e melhorou ainda mais, com 77,6% da diferen\u00e7a geral de g\u00e9nero a deixar de existir. A este ritmo ser\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios 52,1 anos para terminar o hiato entre g\u00e9neros. Seis dos 10 principais pa\u00edses do \u00edndice s\u00e3o desta regi\u00e3o do mundo e a melhoria de 2021 \u00e9 impulsionada pelo facto de 17 dos 20 pa\u00edses desta geografia terem melhorado pelo menos marginalmente o seu desempenho.
\nA Am\u00e9rica do Norte (76,4%), compreendendo o Canad\u00e1 e os Estados Unidos, \u00e9 a regi\u00e3o que mais melhorou, um aumento de quase 3,5%. Como resultado, levar\u00e1 61,5 anos para p\u00f4r termo \u00e0 lacuna de g\u00e9nero. Uma parte significativa do progresso deste ano est\u00e1 relacionada com melhorias na disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero, tendo diminu\u00eddo de 18,4% para 33,4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4961\"]\n","_pt_post_name":"faltam-135-anos-para-a-mulher-ter-os-mesmos-direitos-do-homem","_pt_post_excerpt":"","_pt_post_title":"Faltam 135 anos para a mulher ter os mesmos direitos do homem","_en_post_content":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Gender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":" 135 years to go before women have the same rights as men","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[494],"class_list":["post-4754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tema-de-capa","tag-edicao-7"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4754"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5015,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions\/5015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Sectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n
56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n
Of the EU’s 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n
The global gender gap in 2021<\/h2>
\nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time – the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.<\/p>\n
Western Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.<\/p>\n
North America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.
\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nGender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":32,"featured_media":4757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_pt_post_content":"\n[lead]Assegurar a igualdade na tomada de decis\u00f5es, eliminar a viol\u00eancia baseada no g\u00e9nero e a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres s\u00e3o direitos que no s\u00e9culo XXI deveriam ser uma realidade em todas as sociedades. O mundo avan\u00e7a a v\u00e1rias velocidades e enquanto na Uni\u00e3o Europeia \u201cs\u00f3\u201d faltam 60 anos para se alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero, a m\u00e9dia mundial mostra que esta realidade \u00e9 bem mais distante e s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada em 2157, caso n\u00e3o haja mais retrocessos como os causados pela pandemia.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Igualdade de g\u00e9nero. Este \u00e9 o quinto Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS) definido pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas (ONU). E, \u00e0 primeira vista, at\u00e9 parece \u201csimples\u201d. Simples porque fala de acabar com todas as formas de discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o contra mulheres e meninas, em todo o mundo; de eliminar as formas de viol\u00eancia contra o g\u00e9nero feminino nas esferas p\u00fablicas e privadas, incluindo o tr\u00e1fico e a explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual. Aborda ainda a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas nocivas, como os casamentos prematuros, for\u00e7ados e envolvendo crian\u00e7as, bem como as mutila\u00e7\u00f5es genitais femininas. S\u00e3o problemas que acontecem noutras latitudes e que na Europa, e em Portugal, n\u00e3o tem repercuss\u00e3o. O mesmo n\u00e3o se pode dizer de outros temas que tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos no 5\u00ba ODS, como reconhecer e valorizar o trabalho de assist\u00eancia e dom\u00e9stico n\u00e3o remunerado e garantir a participa\u00e7\u00e3o plena e efetiva das mulheres e a igualdade de oportunidades para a lideran\u00e7a em todos os n\u00edveis de tomada de decis\u00e3o na vida pol\u00edtica, econ\u00f3mica e p\u00fablica. Ou ainda assegurar o acesso universal \u00e0 sa\u00fade sexual e reprodutiva e os direitos reprodutivos. Realizar reformas para dar \u00e0s mulheres direitos iguais aos recursos econ\u00f3micos, aumentar o uso de tecnologias de base para promover o empoderamento das mulheres e adotar e fortalecer pol\u00edticas s\u00f3lidas e legisla\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o da igualdade de g\u00e9nero s\u00e3o objetivos igualmente consagrados pela ONU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A necessidade dos objetivos<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nPorque raz\u00e3o estes direitos t\u00eam de ser expressos t\u00e3o detalhadamente, em forma de objetivos, pelas Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas? Basicamente porque as mulheres, em pleno s\u00e9culo XXI, continuam a ser mais discriminadas do que os homens. Seja por serem alvo de express\u00f5es sexistas, por terem menos oportunidades de acesso a cargos de decis\u00e3o ou, ainda, por sofrerem uma maior press\u00e3o social para conciliarem o trabalho dom\u00e9stico com o emprego. Ali\u00e1s, os cuidados n\u00e3o remunerados executados por mulheres representam quase o dobro do que \u00e9 realizado por homens nos pa\u00edses da OCDE. Ao n\u00edvel das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, em Portugal, em m\u00e9dia, a mulher faz 74% dessas tarefas, enquanto o homem com quem vive realiza, em m\u00e9dia, 23%, de acordo com um estudo da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Manuel Francisco dos Santos, baseada em dados daquela organiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, por exemplo, as m\u00e3es tamb\u00e9m suportam mais do triplo de trabalho que o pai. A mulher ocupa-se, em m\u00e9dia, de 73% das tarefas relativas ao cuidado e educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos e o homem de 21%. Dos 6% restantes ocupam-se os familiares ou a ajuda remunerada. Os casais com filhos que se podem considerar \u201csim\u00e9tricos\u201d no que diz respeito ao cuidado dos filhos s\u00e3o 35%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] As mulheres, na UE, recebem, em m\u00e9dia, menos 14% por hora que os homens. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, segundo este estudo, ao ritmo que, na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o, evoluiu a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do homem para a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, faltam entre cinco e seis gera\u00e7\u00f5es para que se igualem as posi\u00e7\u00f5es da mulher e do homem nos casais em que ambos trabalham fora de casa. Nos casais mais jovens, em que a mulher tem entre 18 e 40 anos, o homem suporta uma carga ligeiramente superior \u00e0 que suportam os que t\u00eam uma mulher com mais de 40 anos (26%, em m\u00e9dia, os primeiros, e 22% os segundos). No entanto, no que diz respeito \u00e0 contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do pai para o cuidado e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, n\u00e3o houve nenhuma evolu\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o. Assim vamos em Portugal. E na Europa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europa com ganhos fr\u00e1geis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEm 2021, a Uni\u00e3o Europeia obteve 68 pontos em 100 no \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, divulgado em outubro pelo Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero (EIGE). Um aumento considerado \u201cmicrosc\u00f3pico\u201d j\u00e1 que foi de apenas 0,6 pontos desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020. Na altura, Carlien Scheele, diretora do EIGE, considerava que a Europa obteve ganhos \u201cfr\u00e1geis\u201d no cap\u00edtulo da igualdade de g\u00e9nero. E alertava para o impacto que a pandemia da Covid-19 estava a ter no g\u00e9nero feminino. \u201cAs consequ\u00eancias econ\u00f3micas est\u00e3o a ser mais prolongadas para as mulheres, enquanto a expectativa de vida para os homens caiu.\u201d Mas a esta tem\u00e1tica pand\u00e9mica voltaremos mais tarde. S\u00f3 um spoiler: a pandemia fez a paridade de g\u00e9nero atrasar uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na Europa, Su\u00e9cia e Dinamarca s\u00e3o os pa\u00edses que melhores desempenhos t\u00eam neste \u00edndice, seguidos pela Holanda, que ultrapassou Finl\u00e2ndia e Fran\u00e7a. Em 2021, Luxemburgo, Litu\u00e2nia e Holanda melhoraram a sua presta\u00e7\u00e3o, sendo a Eslov\u00eania o \u00fanico pa\u00eds a retroceder. \u201cExistem grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es nas pontua\u00e7\u00f5es de igualdade de g\u00e9nero entre os pa\u00edses. Variam entre os 83,9 pontos na Su\u00e9cia e os 52,6 pontos na Gr\u00e9cia.\u201d Portugal, registou neste \u00edndice 62,2 pontos, comparados com os 73,7 de Espanha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uma paridade long\u00ednqua<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA paridade de g\u00e9nero na Uni\u00e3o Europeia ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada dentro de 60 anos, de acordo com o \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, do EIGE. No resto do mundo, a realidade \u00e9 outra. De acordo com o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, o impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 continua a sentir-se. O hiato de g\u00e9nero aumentou uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o: passou de 99,5 anos para 135,6 anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ali\u00e1s, este F\u00f3rum admite que o progresso em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 paridade de g\u00e9nero est\u00e1 estagnado em diversas grandes economias e ind\u00fastrias. \u201cIsso deve-se em parte ao facto de as mulheres trabalharem com mais frequ\u00eancia nos setores mais atingidos pelos confinamentos, combinados com as press\u00f5es adicionais de prestar cuidados em casa.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A 15\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o deste relat\u00f3rio compara a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em quatro \u00e1reas: participa\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f3mica e oportunidade; n\u00edvel educacional; sa\u00fade e sobreviv\u00eancia; e empoderamento pol\u00edtico. O documento evidencia que a deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o em 2021 \u00e9 parcialmente atribu\u00edda a uma crescente disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero em v\u00e1rios pa\u00edses com popula\u00e7\u00e3o elevada. Apesar de mais de metade dos 156 pa\u00edses indexados registarem uma melhoria, as mulheres ainda ocupam apenas 26,1% dos assentos parlamentares e 22,6% dos cargos ministeriais em todo o mundo. Na trajet\u00f3ria atual, a disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero deve levar 145,5 anos a atingir, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os 95 anos na edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 do relat\u00f3rio, um aumento de mais de 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CRONOLOGIA DA POL\u00cdTICA DE IGUALDADE DE G\u00c9NERO\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aprovada pela Assembleia Geral da ONU. Em 1980, Portugal ratifica esta Conven\u00e7\u00e3o. Este \u00e9 um dos grandes Tratados de Direitos Humanos e frequentemente apelidado a Magna Carta dos Direitos das Mulheres ou a Carta dos Direitos Humanos das Mulheres.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena acolhe a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Direitos Humanos, em que se reconhece que \"Os direitos humanos das mulheres e das crian\u00e7as do sexo feminino constituem uma parte inalien\u00e1vel, integral e indivis\u00edvel dos direitos humanos universais\" (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o e Programa de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Viena, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Realiza-se em Pequim a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Mulheres, Desenvolvimento e Paz em que foi adotada a Plataforma de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Pequim com o objetivo da concretiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos das mulheres em todo o mundo.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
A ONU aprova a Agenda de 2030 e enuncia os 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS). A dimens\u00e3o do g\u00e9nero \u00e9 considerada transversal a toda a Agenda e constitui o 5\u00ba ODS: \"alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero e o empoderamento de todas as mulheres e meninas\" (ONU, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Disparidade econ\u00f3mica \u00e9 enorme<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nJ\u00e1 a disparidade econ\u00f3mica teve apenas uma melhoria marginal desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 e deve levar mais 267,6 anos a alcan\u00e7ar a paridade. \u201cO lento progresso deve-se a tend\u00eancias opostas \u2013 enquanto a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres entre os profissionais qualificados continua a aumentar, as disparidades de rendimento persistem e poucas mulheres est\u00e3o representadas em cargos de gest\u00e3o\u201d, l\u00ea-se no resumo do relat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Embora essas descobertas sejam \u201cpreocupantes\u201d, para o F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero na educa\u00e7\u00e3o e na sa\u00fade est\u00e3o quase a ser esbatidas. Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto 37 pa\u00edses alcan\u00e7aram a paridade de g\u00e9nero, levar\u00e1 mais 14,2 anos para \u201cfechar\u201d completamente essa lacuna devido \u00e0 desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o do progresso. Na sa\u00fade, mais de 95% desse hiato j\u00e1 n\u00e3o existe, registando-se um decl\u00ednio marginal desde o ano passado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] H\u00e1 menos mulheres em posi\u00e7\u00f5es executivas: menos de 10% det\u00eam o cargo de CEO em empresas de topo. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cA pandemia teve impacto fundamentalmente na igualdade de g\u00e9nero no local de trabalho e em casa, revertendo anos de progresso. Se queremos uma economia futura din\u00e2mica, \u00e9 vital que as mulheres estejam representadas nos empregos do amanh\u00e3. Agora, mais do que nunca, \u00e9 crucial concentrar a aten\u00e7\u00e3o da lideran\u00e7a, comprometer-se com metas firmes e mobilizar recursos\u201d, disse Saadia Zahidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O impacto da Covid-19 nas mulheres<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nA pandemia teve um impacto mais negativo nas mulheres do que nos homens, com as mulheres a perderem os empregos a taxas mais altas (5% vs. 3,9% entre os homens, segundo a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional do Trabalho), em parte devido \u00e0 sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o desproporcional em setores diretamente interrompidos pelos confinamentos, como o setor consumidor. Dados dos Estados Unidos tamb\u00e9m indicam que as mulheres de grupos raciais e \u00e9tnicos historicamente desfavorecidos s\u00e3o as mais afetadas. J\u00e1 a informa\u00e7\u00e3o de uma pesquisa da Ipsos sugere que, quando os estabelecimentos de atendimento fecharam, as responsabilidades dom\u00e9sticas, de cuidar de crian\u00e7as e idosos, reca\u00edram desproporcionalmente sobre as mulheres, contribuindo para n\u00edveis mais altos de stress e n\u00edveis mais baixos de produtividade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c0 medida que o mercado de trabalho recupera, os dados do LinkedIn mostram que as mulheres est\u00e3o a ser contratadas a um ritmo mais lento em v\u00e1rios setores. Elas t\u00eam ainda menos possibilidade de serem contratadas para cargos de lideran\u00e7a, o que resulta de uma revers\u00e3o de at\u00e9 dois anos de progresso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mulheres em empregos emergentes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSetores com uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o historicamente baixa de mulheres tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o os considerados \u201cempregos do amanh\u00e3\u201d de r\u00e1pido crescimento, evidencia o relat\u00f3rio do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial. Na computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem, por exemplo, as mulheres representam 14% da for\u00e7a de trabalho; em engenharia, 20%; e em dados e intelig\u00eancia artificial, 32%; e \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil para as mulheres mudar para esses pap\u00e9is emergentes do que para os homens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% do tempo que as mulheres passam acordadas em casa \u00e9 dedicado a trabalho n\u00e3o pago. Isto traduz-se em 3h48 por dia, nos dias \u00fateis. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cAs mulheres n\u00e3o est\u00e3o bem representadas na maioria dos pap\u00e9is de r\u00e1pido crescimento, o que significa que estamos a acumular problemas ainda maiores de representa\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e9nero \u00e0 medida que emergimos da pandemia. Esses pap\u00e9is desempenham um papel significativo na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os aspetos da tecnologia e de como ela \u00e9 implantada no mundo\u201d, disse Sue Duke, chefe de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas globais do LinkedIn, em coment\u00e1rio ao relat\u00f3rio. \u201cN\u00f3s simplesmente temos que ter as vozes e as perspetivas das mulheres representadas nesta fase fundamental, especialmente porque a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a acelerar. Empresas e governos precisam de incorporar diversidade, equidade e inclus\u00e3o nos seus planos de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 fundamental avaliar os candidatos pelas suas compet\u00eancias e potencial e n\u00e3o apenas pela sua experi\u00eancia de trabalho direta e pelas qualifica\u00e7\u00f5es formais. A contrata\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em compet\u00eancias \u00e9 fundamental se quisermos tornar as nossas economias e sociedades mais inclusivas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e1 luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nH\u00e1. No dia 21 de janeiro de 2021, os eurodeputados aprovaram uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a Estrat\u00e9gia da UE para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, na qual solicitam que a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia elabore um novo e ambicioso plano de a\u00e7\u00e3o para as disparidades salariais entre homens e mulheres, que dever\u00e1 estabelecer metas claras para os Estadosmembros no sentido de reduzirem as disparidades salariais de g\u00e9nero durante os pr\u00f3ximos cinco anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Dos 49 milh\u00f5es de cuidadores de sa\u00fade na UE que estiveram mais expostos ao v\u00edrus, cerca de 76% eram mulheres. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Al\u00e9m disso, o Parlamento Europeu quer que seja mais f\u00e1cil para as mulheres e as raparigas estudarem e trabalharem em setores tipicamente masculinos, que haja maior flexibilidade nos hor\u00e1rios de trabalho e que se melhorem os sal\u00e1rios e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho em \u00e1reas de maior preval\u00eancia feminina. Haver luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel, h\u00e1. Esperemos \u00e9 que n\u00e3o demore 135 anos a percorrer o t\u00fanel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"A diferen\u00e7a global de g\u00e9nero em 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nSegundo o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, pela 12\u00aa vez, a Isl\u00e2ndia \u00e9 o pa\u00eds com mais igualdade de g\u00e9nero no mundo. Os cinco pa\u00edses que mais melhoraram no \u00edndice geral em 2021 s\u00e3o Litu\u00e2nia, S\u00e9rvia, Timor-Leste, Togo e Emirados \u00c1rabes Unidos, tendo reduzido as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em pelo menos 4,4% ou mais. Timor-Leste e Togo tamb\u00e9m conseguiram reduzir o seu fosso econ\u00f3mico em pelo menos 17%.
\nA Europa Ocidental continua a ser a regi\u00e3o com melhor desempenho e melhorou ainda mais, com 77,6% da diferen\u00e7a geral de g\u00e9nero a deixar de existir. A este ritmo ser\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios 52,1 anos para terminar o hiato entre g\u00e9neros. Seis dos 10 principais pa\u00edses do \u00edndice s\u00e3o desta regi\u00e3o do mundo e a melhoria de 2021 \u00e9 impulsionada pelo facto de 17 dos 20 pa\u00edses desta geografia terem melhorado pelo menos marginalmente o seu desempenho.
\nA Am\u00e9rica do Norte (76,4%), compreendendo o Canad\u00e1 e os Estados Unidos, \u00e9 a regi\u00e3o que mais melhorou, um aumento de quase 3,5%. Como resultado, levar\u00e1 61,5 anos para p\u00f4r termo \u00e0 lacuna de g\u00e9nero. Uma parte significativa do progresso deste ano est\u00e1 relacionada com melhorias na disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero, tendo diminu\u00eddo de 18,4% para 33,4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4961\"]\n","_pt_post_name":"faltam-135-anos-para-a-mulher-ter-os-mesmos-direitos-do-homem","_pt_post_excerpt":"","_pt_post_title":"Faltam 135 anos para a mulher ter os mesmos direitos do homem","_en_post_content":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\n
Gender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWhy does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nIn 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAccording to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n
\n
1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n
\n
1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n
\n
2015<\/b><\/h3>
\n
The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Enormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nEconomic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
\u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\nYes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":" 135 years to go before women have the same rights as men","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[494],"class_list":["post-4754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tema-de-capa","tag-edicao-7"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4754"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5015,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions\/5015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Of the EU’s 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. <\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n
The global gender gap in 2021<\/h2>
\nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time – the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.<\/p>\n
Western Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.<\/p>\n
North America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%. Gender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Why does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n In 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n Economic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n \u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n \u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%. Igualdade de g\u00e9nero. Este \u00e9 o quinto Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS) definido pela Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas (ONU). E, \u00e0 primeira vista, at\u00e9 parece \u201csimples\u201d. Simples porque fala de acabar com todas as formas de discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o contra mulheres e meninas, em todo o mundo; de eliminar as formas de viol\u00eancia contra o g\u00e9nero feminino nas esferas p\u00fablicas e privadas, incluindo o tr\u00e1fico e a explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual. Aborda ainda a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas nocivas, como os casamentos prematuros, for\u00e7ados e envolvendo crian\u00e7as, bem como as mutila\u00e7\u00f5es genitais femininas. S\u00e3o problemas que acontecem noutras latitudes e que na Europa, e em Portugal, n\u00e3o tem repercuss\u00e3o. O mesmo n\u00e3o se pode dizer de outros temas que tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos no 5\u00ba ODS, como reconhecer e valorizar o trabalho de assist\u00eancia e dom\u00e9stico n\u00e3o remunerado e garantir a participa\u00e7\u00e3o plena e efetiva das mulheres e a igualdade de oportunidades para a lideran\u00e7a em todos os n\u00edveis de tomada de decis\u00e3o na vida pol\u00edtica, econ\u00f3mica e p\u00fablica. Ou ainda assegurar o acesso universal \u00e0 sa\u00fade sexual e reprodutiva e os direitos reprodutivos. Realizar reformas para dar \u00e0s mulheres direitos iguais aos recursos econ\u00f3micos, aumentar o uso de tecnologias de base para promover o empoderamento das mulheres e adotar e fortalecer pol\u00edticas s\u00f3lidas e legisla\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel para a promo\u00e7\u00e3o da igualdade de g\u00e9nero s\u00e3o objetivos igualmente consagrados pela ONU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Porque raz\u00e3o estes direitos t\u00eam de ser expressos t\u00e3o detalhadamente, em forma de objetivos, pelas Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas? Basicamente porque as mulheres, em pleno s\u00e9culo XXI, continuam a ser mais discriminadas do que os homens. Seja por serem alvo de express\u00f5es sexistas, por terem menos oportunidades de acesso a cargos de decis\u00e3o ou, ainda, por sofrerem uma maior press\u00e3o social para conciliarem o trabalho dom\u00e9stico com o emprego. Ali\u00e1s, os cuidados n\u00e3o remunerados executados por mulheres representam quase o dobro do que \u00e9 realizado por homens nos pa\u00edses da OCDE. Ao n\u00edvel das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, em Portugal, em m\u00e9dia, a mulher faz 74% dessas tarefas, enquanto o homem com quem vive realiza, em m\u00e9dia, 23%, de acordo com um estudo da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Manuel Francisco dos Santos, baseada em dados daquela organiza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, por exemplo, as m\u00e3es tamb\u00e9m suportam mais do triplo de trabalho que o pai. A mulher ocupa-se, em m\u00e9dia, de 73% das tarefas relativas ao cuidado e educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos e o homem de 21%. Dos 6% restantes ocupam-se os familiares ou a ajuda remunerada. Os casais com filhos que se podem considerar \u201csim\u00e9tricos\u201d no que diz respeito ao cuidado dos filhos s\u00e3o 35%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] As mulheres, na UE, recebem, em m\u00e9dia, menos 14% por hora que os homens. [\/card]\n\n\n\n Ali\u00e1s, segundo este estudo, ao ritmo que, na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o, evoluiu a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do homem para a execu\u00e7\u00e3o das tarefas dom\u00e9sticas, faltam entre cinco e seis gera\u00e7\u00f5es para que se igualem as posi\u00e7\u00f5es da mulher e do homem nos casais em que ambos trabalham fora de casa. Nos casais mais jovens, em que a mulher tem entre 18 e 40 anos, o homem suporta uma carga ligeiramente superior \u00e0 que suportam os que t\u00eam uma mulher com mais de 40 anos (26%, em m\u00e9dia, os primeiros, e 22% os segundos). No entanto, no que diz respeito \u00e0 contribui\u00e7\u00e3o do pai para o cuidado e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, n\u00e3o houve nenhuma evolu\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00faltima gera\u00e7\u00e3o. Assim vamos em Portugal. E na Europa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Em 2021, a Uni\u00e3o Europeia obteve 68 pontos em 100 no \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, divulgado em outubro pelo Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero (EIGE). Um aumento considerado \u201cmicrosc\u00f3pico\u201d j\u00e1 que foi de apenas 0,6 pontos desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020. Na altura, Carlien Scheele, diretora do EIGE, considerava que a Europa obteve ganhos \u201cfr\u00e1geis\u201d no cap\u00edtulo da igualdade de g\u00e9nero. E alertava para o impacto que a pandemia da Covid-19 estava a ter no g\u00e9nero feminino. \u201cAs consequ\u00eancias econ\u00f3micas est\u00e3o a ser mais prolongadas para as mulheres, enquanto a expectativa de vida para os homens caiu.\u201d Mas a esta tem\u00e1tica pand\u00e9mica voltaremos mais tarde. S\u00f3 um spoiler: a pandemia fez a paridade de g\u00e9nero atrasar uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Na Europa, Su\u00e9cia e Dinamarca s\u00e3o os pa\u00edses que melhores desempenhos t\u00eam neste \u00edndice, seguidos pela Holanda, que ultrapassou Finl\u00e2ndia e Fran\u00e7a. Em 2021, Luxemburgo, Litu\u00e2nia e Holanda melhoraram a sua presta\u00e7\u00e3o, sendo a Eslov\u00eania o \u00fanico pa\u00eds a retroceder. \u201cExistem grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es nas pontua\u00e7\u00f5es de igualdade de g\u00e9nero entre os pa\u00edses. Variam entre os 83,9 pontos na Su\u00e9cia e os 52,6 pontos na Gr\u00e9cia.\u201d Portugal, registou neste \u00edndice 62,2 pontos, comparados com os 73,7 de Espanha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A paridade de g\u00e9nero na Uni\u00e3o Europeia ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada dentro de 60 anos, de acordo com o \u00cdndice de Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, do EIGE. No resto do mundo, a realidade \u00e9 outra. De acordo com o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, o impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 continua a sentir-se. O hiato de g\u00e9nero aumentou uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o: passou de 99,5 anos para 135,6 anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ali\u00e1s, este F\u00f3rum admite que o progresso em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 paridade de g\u00e9nero est\u00e1 estagnado em diversas grandes economias e ind\u00fastrias. \u201cIsso deve-se em parte ao facto de as mulheres trabalharem com mais frequ\u00eancia nos setores mais atingidos pelos confinamentos, combinados com as press\u00f5es adicionais de prestar cuidados em casa.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n A 15\u00aa edi\u00e7\u00e3o deste relat\u00f3rio compara a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em quatro \u00e1reas: participa\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f3mica e oportunidade; n\u00edvel educacional; sa\u00fade e sobreviv\u00eancia; e empoderamento pol\u00edtico. O documento evidencia que a deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o em 2021 \u00e9 parcialmente atribu\u00edda a uma crescente disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero em v\u00e1rios pa\u00edses com popula\u00e7\u00e3o elevada. Apesar de mais de metade dos 156 pa\u00edses indexados registarem uma melhoria, as mulheres ainda ocupam apenas 26,1% dos assentos parlamentares e 22,6% dos cargos ministeriais em todo o mundo. Na trajet\u00f3ria atual, a disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero deve levar 145,5 anos a atingir, em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com os 95 anos na edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 do relat\u00f3rio, um aumento de mais de 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CRONOLOGIA DA POL\u00cdTICA DE IGUALDADE DE G\u00c9NERO\" type=\"destaque\"] \n A Conven\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre a Elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de Todas as Formas de Discrimina\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 aprovada pela Assembleia Geral da ONU. Em 1980, Portugal ratifica esta Conven\u00e7\u00e3o. Este \u00e9 um dos grandes Tratados de Direitos Humanos e frequentemente apelidado a Magna Carta dos Direitos das Mulheres ou a Carta dos Direitos Humanos das Mulheres.<\/p>\n Viena acolhe a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Direitos Humanos, em que se reconhece que \"Os direitos humanos das mulheres e das crian\u00e7as do sexo feminino constituem uma parte inalien\u00e1vel, integral e indivis\u00edvel dos direitos humanos universais\" (Declara\u00e7\u00e3o e Programa de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Viena, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n Realiza-se em Pequim a Confer\u00eancia Internacional da ONU sobre Mulheres, Desenvolvimento e Paz em que foi adotada a Plataforma de A\u00e7\u00e3o de Pequim com o objetivo da concretiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos das mulheres em todo o mundo.<\/p>\n A ONU aprova a Agenda de 2030 e enuncia os 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODS). A dimens\u00e3o do g\u00e9nero \u00e9 considerada transversal a toda a Agenda e constitui o 5\u00ba ODS: \"alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero e o empoderamento de todas as mulheres e meninas\" (ONU, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n J\u00e1 a disparidade econ\u00f3mica teve apenas uma melhoria marginal desde a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2020 e deve levar mais 267,6 anos a alcan\u00e7ar a paridade. \u201cO lento progresso deve-se a tend\u00eancias opostas \u2013 enquanto a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de mulheres entre os profissionais qualificados continua a aumentar, as disparidades de rendimento persistem e poucas mulheres est\u00e3o representadas em cargos de gest\u00e3o\u201d, l\u00ea-se no resumo do relat\u00f3rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Embora essas descobertas sejam \u201cpreocupantes\u201d, para o F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial, as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero na educa\u00e7\u00e3o e na sa\u00fade est\u00e3o quase a ser esbatidas. Na educa\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto 37 pa\u00edses alcan\u00e7aram a paridade de g\u00e9nero, levar\u00e1 mais 14,2 anos para \u201cfechar\u201d completamente essa lacuna devido \u00e0 desacelera\u00e7\u00e3o do progresso. Na sa\u00fade, mais de 95% desse hiato j\u00e1 n\u00e3o existe, registando-se um decl\u00ednio marginal desde o ano passado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] H\u00e1 menos mulheres em posi\u00e7\u00f5es executivas: menos de 10% det\u00eam o cargo de CEO em empresas de topo. [\/card]\n\n\n\n \u201cA pandemia teve impacto fundamentalmente na igualdade de g\u00e9nero no local de trabalho e em casa, revertendo anos de progresso. Se queremos uma economia futura din\u00e2mica, \u00e9 vital que as mulheres estejam representadas nos empregos do amanh\u00e3. Agora, mais do que nunca, \u00e9 crucial concentrar a aten\u00e7\u00e3o da lideran\u00e7a, comprometer-se com metas firmes e mobilizar recursos\u201d, disse Saadia Zahidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A pandemia teve um impacto mais negativo nas mulheres do que nos homens, com as mulheres a perderem os empregos a taxas mais altas (5% vs. 3,9% entre os homens, segundo a Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Internacional do Trabalho), em parte devido \u00e0 sua representa\u00e7\u00e3o desproporcional em setores diretamente interrompidos pelos confinamentos, como o setor consumidor. Dados dos Estados Unidos tamb\u00e9m indicam que as mulheres de grupos raciais e \u00e9tnicos historicamente desfavorecidos s\u00e3o as mais afetadas. J\u00e1 a informa\u00e7\u00e3o de uma pesquisa da Ipsos sugere que, quando os estabelecimentos de atendimento fecharam, as responsabilidades dom\u00e9sticas, de cuidar de crian\u00e7as e idosos, reca\u00edram desproporcionalmente sobre as mulheres, contribuindo para n\u00edveis mais altos de stress e n\u00edveis mais baixos de produtividade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c0 medida que o mercado de trabalho recupera, os dados do LinkedIn mostram que as mulheres est\u00e3o a ser contratadas a um ritmo mais lento em v\u00e1rios setores. Elas t\u00eam ainda menos possibilidade de serem contratadas para cargos de lideran\u00e7a, o que resulta de uma revers\u00e3o de at\u00e9 dois anos de progresso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Setores com uma representa\u00e7\u00e3o historicamente baixa de mulheres tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o os considerados \u201cempregos do amanh\u00e3\u201d de r\u00e1pido crescimento, evidencia o relat\u00f3rio do F\u00f3rum Econ\u00f3mico Mundial. Na computa\u00e7\u00e3o em nuvem, por exemplo, as mulheres representam 14% da for\u00e7a de trabalho; em engenharia, 20%; e em dados e intelig\u00eancia artificial, 32%; e \u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil para as mulheres mudar para esses pap\u00e9is emergentes do que para os homens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% do tempo que as mulheres passam acordadas em casa \u00e9 dedicado a trabalho n\u00e3o pago. Isto traduz-se em 3h48 por dia, nos dias \u00fateis. [\/card]\n\n\n\n \u201cAs mulheres n\u00e3o est\u00e3o bem representadas na maioria dos pap\u00e9is de r\u00e1pido crescimento, o que significa que estamos a acumular problemas ainda maiores de representa\u00e7\u00e3o de g\u00e9nero \u00e0 medida que emergimos da pandemia. Esses pap\u00e9is desempenham um papel significativo na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os aspetos da tecnologia e de como ela \u00e9 implantada no mundo\u201d, disse Sue Duke, chefe de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas globais do LinkedIn, em coment\u00e1rio ao relat\u00f3rio. \u201cN\u00f3s simplesmente temos que ter as vozes e as perspetivas das mulheres representadas nesta fase fundamental, especialmente porque a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 a acelerar. Empresas e governos precisam de incorporar diversidade, equidade e inclus\u00e3o nos seus planos de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o. \u00c9 fundamental avaliar os candidatos pelas suas compet\u00eancias e potencial e n\u00e3o apenas pela sua experi\u00eancia de trabalho direta e pelas qualifica\u00e7\u00f5es formais. A contrata\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em compet\u00eancias \u00e9 fundamental se quisermos tornar as nossas economias e sociedades mais inclusivas.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00e1. No dia 21 de janeiro de 2021, os eurodeputados aprovaram uma resolu\u00e7\u00e3o sobre a Estrat\u00e9gia da UE para a Igualdade de G\u00e9nero, na qual solicitam que a Comiss\u00e3o Europeia elabore um novo e ambicioso plano de a\u00e7\u00e3o para as disparidades salariais entre homens e mulheres, que dever\u00e1 estabelecer metas claras para os Estadosmembros no sentido de reduzirem as disparidades salariais de g\u00e9nero durante os pr\u00f3ximos cinco anos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Dos 49 milh\u00f5es de cuidadores de sa\u00fade na UE que estiveram mais expostos ao v\u00edrus, cerca de 76% eram mulheres. [\/card]\n\n\n\n Al\u00e9m disso, o Parlamento Europeu quer que seja mais f\u00e1cil para as mulheres e as raparigas estudarem e trabalharem em setores tipicamente masculinos, que haja maior flexibilidade nos hor\u00e1rios de trabalho e que se melhorem os sal\u00e1rios e as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de trabalho em \u00e1reas de maior preval\u00eancia feminina. Haver luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel, h\u00e1. Esperemos \u00e9 que n\u00e3o demore 135 anos a percorrer o t\u00fanel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"A diferen\u00e7a global de g\u00e9nero em 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nSegundo o Global Gender Gap Report 2021, pela 12\u00aa vez, a Isl\u00e2ndia \u00e9 o pa\u00eds com mais igualdade de g\u00e9nero no mundo. Os cinco pa\u00edses que mais melhoraram no \u00edndice geral em 2021 s\u00e3o Litu\u00e2nia, S\u00e9rvia, Timor-Leste, Togo e Emirados \u00c1rabes Unidos, tendo reduzido as diferen\u00e7as de g\u00e9nero em pelo menos 4,4% ou mais. Timor-Leste e Togo tamb\u00e9m conseguiram reduzir o seu fosso econ\u00f3mico em pelo menos 17%. Gender Equality. This is the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) stipulated by the United Nations (UN). And at first glance it seems quite a \u201csimple\u201d goal. Simple because it relates to ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls around the world; ending all violence against females in the public and private arena, including sex trafficking and exploitation. It also addresses the eradication of harmful practices, such as forced marriages involving children, as well as female genital mutilation. These problems arise in other parts of the world, but are not relevant in Europe and Portugal. The same cannot be said for other issues which also fall under the 5th SDG, such as recognising and valuing unpaid assistance and domestic work, and ensuring the full and effective participation of women and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life, and assuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. It is also the UN\u2019s goal to implement reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, increase the use of basic technologies to promote female empowerment and adopt and strengthen sound policies and applicable legislation to promote gender equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Why does the United Nations have to set out these rights in such detail, in the form of goals? To put it bluntly, because even in the 21st century, women still face more discrimination than men. Whether because they are subject to sexist comments, because they have fewer opportunities to access decision-making positions, or because they face greater social pressure to juggle housework and a job. Indeed, unpaid care undertaken by women represents almost double that undertaken by men in OECD countries. According to a study by the Manuel Francisco dos Santos Foundation, based on its own data, women in Portugal do on average 74% of the household chores while the men with whom they live do an average of 23%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In education, for example, mothers also account for more than triple the amount of work done by fathers. Women take care of 73%, on average, of tasks relating to caring for and educating their children, and men just 21%. The remaining 6% of jobs are done by relatives or paid help. 35% of couples with children split childcare evenly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] In the EU, women's hourly pay is on average 14% lower than men's. [\/card]\n\n\n\n In fact, according to this study, the pace at which the last generation has evolved in terms of men contributing towards housework, means that there are five to six generations to go before men and women become equal in couples where both work outside the home. In younger couples, where the woman is aged between 18 and 40, the man bears a slightly greater load than those where the woman is over 40 (the former, on average 26%, and the latter 22%). However, there has been no change in terms of fathers\u2019 contribution towards children\u2019s education during the last generation. This is how things stand in Portugal. And what of Europe?<\/p>\n\n\n\n In 2021, the European Union scored 68 points out of 100 in the Gender Equality Index, disseminated in October by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE). The 0.6 point increase since 2020 was deemed \u201cmicroscopic\u201d. At the time, the head of the EIGE, Carlien Scheele, was of the view that Europe had made shaky progress in the field of gender equality. She warned of the impact the Covid-19 pandemic was having on women. \u201cThe economic consequences are being more drawn-out for women, while life expectancy for men has fallen.\u201d We\u2019ll come back to Covid later. Just a heads-up: the pandemic set gender parity back a generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n In Europe, Sweden and Denmark are performing the best in this index, followed by the Netherlands which overtook Finland and France. Luxemburg, Lithuania and the Netherlands showed improvements in 2021, and Slovenia was the only country to slide backwards. \u201cThe gender equality scores vary greatly from country to country, from the highest of 83.9 points in Sweden to the lowest of 52.6 points in Greece.\u201d Portugal came in at 62.2 points, compared with Spain\u2019s 73.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n According to the EIGE\u2019s Gender Equality Index, gender parity will be achieved in the European Union within 60 years. In the rest of the world, the picture is very different. The Global Gender Gap Report 2021 by the World Economic Forum states that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still being felt. The gender gap increased by the length of a generation: instead of 99.5 years, it will now take 135.6 years to close the gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Indeed, the Forum states that progress towards gender parity has stagnated in many major economies and industries. \u201cThis is partly down to the fact that women more often work in those sectors more affected by lockdowns, combined with the added pressures of providing care in the home.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The 15th such report by the WEF compares the evolution of gender differences in four areas: economic participation and opportunity; educational attainment; health and survival; and political empowerment. The document reports that the deterioration in 2021 is partially attributed to growing political gender disparity in several different highly-populated countries. Although more than half the 156 indexed countries recorded improvements, women still only occupy 26.1% of seats in parliament and 22.6% of ministerial positions worldwide. If we continue along this trajectory, gender equality in the realm of politics will take 145.5 years to achieve, rather than the 95 years predicted in the 2020 report \u2013 an increase of over 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"CHRONOLOGY OF GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES\" type=\"destaque\"] \n The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination is approved by the UN General Assembly. Portugal ratifies this Convention in 1975. This is one of the great Human Rights Treaties and is often referred to as the Magna Carta of Women's Rights or the Bill of Rights for Women.<\/p>\n Viena hosts the UN World Conference on Human Rights, which recognises that \"The human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights\" (Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993, \u00a718).<\/p>\n The UN World Conference on Women, Development and Peace is held in Beijing, which adopts the Beijing Platform for Action aimed at implementing women's rights around the world.<\/p>\n The UN passes Agenda 2030 and stipulates the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The gender issue is considered to apply to the entire agenda and constitutes the 5th SDG: \"achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls\" (UN, 2015).<\/p>\n [\/card]\n\n\n\n Economic disparity showed only a marginal improvement since the 2020 report, and equality should be achieved in 267.6 years\u2019 time. According to the report summary, \u201cthe slow progress is down to opposing trends \u2013 although the proportion of qualified professional women continues to grow, pay differences remain and few women are represented in management roles.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Although the World Economic Forum is \u201cconcerned\u201d about these findings, gender differences in education and health are becoming less obvious. In education, while 37 countries have reached gender parity, it will take a further 14.2 years to close this gap completely because progress is slowing down. In health, over 95% of this gap has been eliminated, with a marginal decline since last year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] There are fewer women in executive positions: fewer than 10% are CEOs at top companies. [\/card]\n\n\n\n \u201cThe pandemic has fundamentally impacted gender equality in both workplace and the home, rolling back years of progress\u201d, says Saadia Zahidi. \u201cIf we want a dynamic future economy, it is vital for women to be represented in the jobs of tomorrow. Now, more than ever, it\u2019s crucial to focus leadership attention, commit to firm targets and mobilise resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n The pandemic had a more negative effect on women than on men, with women losing their jobs at higher rates (5% vs. 3.9% for men, according to the International Labour Organisation), partly down to women being more heavily represented in sectors more directly disrupted by lockdowns, such as the consumer sector. Data from the United States also indicate that women from historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic groups are most affected. Furthermore, information arising from a study undertaken by market research company Ipsos, suggests that when care facilities were closed down, housework, childcare and caring for the elderly fell disproportionately on women, contributing towards higher stress levels and lower productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n As the job market recovers, LinkedIn data shows that women are being hired at a slower rate in multiple sectors. Women are also even less likely to be hired for leadership roles, resulting in a reversal of up to two years\u2019 progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sectors with historically low levels of women are also those considered the fast-growing \u201cjobs of tomorrow\u201d, according to the World Economic Forum report. In cloud computing, for example, women currently make up 14% of the workforce; in engineering, 20%; in data and artificial intelligence, 32%; and it\u2019s harder for women to switch to these emerging roles than it is for men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] 56% of the time women are awake at home is spent doing unpaid work. This translate into 3h48 per day, on weekdays. [\/card]\n\n\n\n \u201cWomen aren\u2019t well represented in the majority of fast-growing roles, which means we are storing up even bigger gender representation problems as we emerge from the pandemic. These roles play a significant part in shaping all aspects of technology and how it is rolled out around the world,\u201d says Sue Duke, head of global public policy at LinkedIn in response to the report. \u201cWomen\u2019s voices and perspectives just need to be represented at this foundational stage, especially as digitisation is accelerating. Companies and governments need to incorporate diversity, equity and inclusion into their plans for recovery. It is vital that candidates be assessed on their skills and potential, and not just on their direct work experience and formal qualifications. Skills-based hiring is key if we\u2019re going to make our economics and societies more inclusive.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yes, there is. On 21st January 2021, members of the European Parliament passed a resolution on the EU\u2019s Gender Equality strategy, requesting the European Commission to draw up a new and ambitious plan of action to tackle the gender pay gap, which should set clear targets for Member States to shorten their gaps over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card type=\"normal\"] Of the EU's 49 million healthcare workers who were exposed to the virus, around 76% were women. [\/card]\n\n\n\n Furthermore, the European Parliament wants to make it easier for women and girls to study and work in male-dominated fields, to ensure more flexible work hours and to improve wages and working conditions in areas which attract more women. There is light at the end of the tunnel. We just hope it doesn\u2019t take 135 to get there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n[card title=\"The global gender gap in 2021\" type=\"destaque\"] \nAccording to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, Iceland is \u2013 for the 12th time - the world\u2019s most gender-equal country. The five countries which have most improved their scores in the global index in 2021 are Lithuania, Serbia, East Timor, Togo and the United Arab Emirates, which all reduced their gender inequalities by 4.4% or more. East Timor and Togo also managed to close their economic gap by at least 17%.
\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nThe need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n2015<\/b><\/h3>
\nEnormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":32,"featured_media":4757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_pt_post_content":"\n[lead]Assegurar a igualdade na tomada de decis\u00f5es, eliminar a viol\u00eancia baseada no g\u00e9nero e a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres s\u00e3o direitos que no s\u00e9culo XXI deveriam ser uma realidade em todas as sociedades. O mundo avan\u00e7a a v\u00e1rias velocidades e enquanto na Uni\u00e3o Europeia \u201cs\u00f3\u201d faltam 60 anos para se alcan\u00e7ar a igualdade de g\u00e9nero, a m\u00e9dia mundial mostra que esta realidade \u00e9 bem mais distante e s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 alcan\u00e7ada em 2157, caso n\u00e3o haja mais retrocessos como os causados pela pandemia.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nA necessidade dos objetivos<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Europa com ganhos fr\u00e1geis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Uma paridade long\u00ednqua<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n2015<\/b><\/h3>
\nDisparidade econ\u00f3mica \u00e9 enorme<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
O impacto da Covid-19 nas mulheres<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Mulheres em empregos emergentes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e1 luz ao fundo do t\u00fanel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\nA Europa Ocidental continua a ser a regi\u00e3o com melhor desempenho e melhorou ainda mais, com 77,6% da diferen\u00e7a geral de g\u00e9nero a deixar de existir. A este ritmo ser\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios 52,1 anos para terminar o hiato entre g\u00e9neros. Seis dos 10 principais pa\u00edses do \u00edndice s\u00e3o desta regi\u00e3o do mundo e a melhoria de 2021 \u00e9 impulsionada pelo facto de 17 dos 20 pa\u00edses desta geografia terem melhorado pelo menos marginalmente o seu desempenho.
\nA Am\u00e9rica do Norte (76,4%), compreendendo o Canad\u00e1 e os Estados Unidos, \u00e9 a regi\u00e3o que mais melhorou, um aumento de quase 3,5%. Como resultado, levar\u00e1 61,5 anos para p\u00f4r termo \u00e0 lacuna de g\u00e9nero. Uma parte significativa do progresso deste ano est\u00e1 relacionada com melhorias na disparidade pol\u00edtica de g\u00e9nero, tendo diminu\u00eddo de 18,4% para 33,4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4961\"]\n","_pt_post_name":"faltam-135-anos-para-a-mulher-ter-os-mesmos-direitos-do-homem","_pt_post_excerpt":"","_pt_post_title":"Faltam 135 anos para a mulher ter os mesmos direitos do homem","_en_post_content":"\n[lead]Ensuring equality in decision-making, eliminating gender-based violence and closing the wage gap between men and women should no longer be an issue in any society in the 21st century. The world moves at different speeds and while in the European Union it will \u201conly\u201d take 60 years to achieve gender equality, the global average shows that this ideal is still far out of reach and will only become a reality in 2157, assuming there are no setbacks such as those caused by the pandemic.[\/lead]\n\n\n\nThe need for goals<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Europe making shaky progress<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Parity is a long way off<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
1975<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n1993<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n1995<\/b><\/h3>
\n
\n2015<\/b><\/h3>
\nEnormous economic disparity<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Covid-19<\/strong>\u2019s impact on women<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Women in emerging jobs<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Is there light at the end of the tunnel?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\nWestern Europe is still the best performer and even improved further, with 77.6% of gender inequality no longer an issue. At this rate, the gender gap will be closed in 52.1 years\u2019 time. Six of the 10 main countries in the index are located in this part of the world, and the improvements seen in 2021 are down to the fact that 17 of the 20 countries in this region boosted their performance at least slightly.
\nNorth America (76.4%), comprising Canada and the United States, is the region which saw the most improvement, rising by almost 3.5%. As a result, it will require 61.5 years to close the gap. A significant part of the progress made this year relates to reduced political gender disparity, having narrowed from 18.4% to 33.4%.\n[\/card]\n\n\n\n[image format=\"img-header-large\" id=\"4958\"]\n","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":" 135 years to go before women have the same rights as men","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[494],"class_list":["post-4754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tema-de-capa","tag-edicao-7"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4754"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5015,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4754\/revisions\/5015"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conteudos.xl.pt\/altri-news\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}